Design and Development of a Community-Based, Interdisciplinary, Collaborative Dementia Care Program.

Objective: To describe the design, development, and baseline characteristics of enrollees of a home-based, interdisciplinary, dyadic, pilot dementia care program.

Design: Single-arm, dementia care intervention in partnership with primary care providers delivered by Health Coaches to persons with dementia and caregiver "dyads" and supervised by an interdisciplinary team.

Setting: Home- and virtual-based dyad support.

Overlooked Shortcomings of Observational Studies of Interventions in Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Illustrated Review for the Clinician.

The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection across the globe triggered an unprecedented increase in research activities that resulted in an astronomical publication output of observational studies. However, most studies failed to apply fully the necessary methodological techniques that systematically deal with different biases and confounding, which not only limits their scientific merit but may result in harm through misleading information. In this article, we address a few important biases that can seriously threaten the validity of observational studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Defining, Estimating, and Communicating Overdiagnosis in Cancer Screening.

The toll of inadequate health care is well-substantiated, but recognition is mounting that "too much" is also possible. Overdiagnosis represents one harm of too much medicine, but the concept can be confusing: It is often conflated with related harms (such as overtreatment, misclassification, false-positive results, and overdetection) and is difficult to measure because it cannot be directly observed. Because the U.

Collaborative Modeling: Experience of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.

Models can be valuable tools to address uncertainty, trade-offs, and preferences when trying to understand the effects of interventions. Availability of results from two or more independently developed models that examine the same question (comparative modeling) allows systematic exploration of differences between models and the effect of these differences on model findings. Guideline groups sometimes commission comparative modeling to support their recommendation process.

Multiple Trigger Points for Quantifying Heat-Health Impacts: New Evidence from a Hot Climate.

Background: Extreme heat is a public health challenge. The scarcity of directly comparable studies on the association of heat with morbidity and mortality and the inconsistent identification of threshold temperatures for severe impacts hampers the development of comprehensive strategies aimed at reducing adverse heat-health events.

Objectives: This quantitative study was designed to link temperature with mortality and morbidity events in Maricopa County, Arizona, USA, with a focus on the summer season.

A mobile cloud-based Parkinson's disease assessment system for home-based monitoring.

Background: Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent movement disorder of the central nervous system, and affects more than 6.3 million people in the world. The characteristic motor features include tremor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and impaired postural stability.

Heat-related deaths in hot cities: estimates of human tolerance to high temperature thresholds.

In this study we characterized the relationship between temperature and mortality in central Arizona desert cities that have an extremely hot climate. Relationships between daily maximum apparent temperature (ATmax) and mortality for eight condition-specific causes and all-cause deaths were modeled for all residents and separately for males and females ages <65 and ≥ 65 during the months May-October for years 2000-2008. The most robust relationship was between ATmax on day of death and mortality from direct exposure to high environmental heat.

Occupation and environmental heat-associated deaths in Maricopa county, Arizona: a case-control study.

Background: Prior research shows that work in agriculture and construction/extraction occupations increases the risk of environmental heat-associated death.

Purpose: To assess the risk of environmental heat-associated death by occupation.

Methods: This was a case-control study.

Neighborhood effects on heat deaths: social and environmental predictors of vulnerability in Maricopa County, Arizona.

Background: Most heat-related deaths occur in cities, and future trends in global climate change and urbanization may amplify this trend. Understanding how neighborhoods affect heat mortality fills an important gap between studies of individual susceptibility to heat and broadly comparative studies of temperature-mortality relationships in cities.

Objectives: We estimated neighborhood effects of population characteristics and built and natural environments on deaths due to heat exposure in Maricopa County, Arizona (2000-2008).

Cancer screening: the journey from epidemiology to policy.

Purpose: Cancer screening procedures have brought great benefit to the public's health. However, the science of cancer screening and the evidence arising from research in this field as it is applied to policy is complex and has been difficult to communicate, especially on the national stage. We explore how epidemiologists have contributed to this evidence base and to its translation into policy.

Glycemic control in youth with diabetes: the SEARCH for diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: To assess correlates of glycemic control in a diverse population of children and youth with diabetes.

Study Design: This was a cross-sectional analysis of data from a 6-center US study of diabetes in youth, including 3947 individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 552 with type 2 diabetes (T2D), using hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) levels to assess glycemic control.

Results: HbA(1c) levels reflecting poor glycemic control (HbA(1c) >or= 9.

Mortality, dementia, and apolipoprotein E genotype in elderly white women in the United States.

Objectives: To assess the risk of death in relation to apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype and to evaluate how APOE genotype interacts with dementia and with other major medical conditions to affect survival.

Design: A 6-year prospective cohort study of dementia, APOE genotype and survival.

Setting: Health maintenance organization in southern California.

Update on the methods of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force: insufficient evidence.

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) seeks to provide reliable and accurate evidence-based recommendations to primary care clinicians.

Surgical team behaviors and patient outcomes.

Background: Little evidence exists that links teamwork to patient outcomes. We conducted this study to determine if patients of teams with good teamwork had better outcomes than those with poor teamwork.

Methods: Observers used a standardized instrument to assess team behaviors.

Social network, cognitive function, and dementia incidence among elderly women.

Objectives: We examined whether social networks had a protective association with incidence of dementia among elderly women.

Methods: We prospectively studied 2249 members of a health maintenance organization who were 78 years or older, were classified as free of dementia in 2001, and had completed at least 1 follow-up interview in 2002 through 2005. We used the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-modified, the Telephone Dementia Questionnaire, and medical record review to assess cognitive status.

Presence of diabetic ketoacidosis at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus in youth: the Search for Diabetes in Youth Study.

Objective: The purpose of this work was to determine the prevalence and predictors of diabetic ketoacidosis at the diagnosis of diabetes in a large sample of youth from the US population.

Patients And Methods: The Search for Diabetes in Youth Study, a multicenter, population-based registry of diabetes with diagnosis before 20 years of age, identified 3666 patients with new onset of diabetes in the study areas in 2002-2004. Medical charts were reviewed in 2824 (77%) of the patients in a standard manner to abstract the results of laboratory tests and to ascertain diabetic ketoacidosis at the time of diagnosis.

Incidence of dementia in long-term hormone users.

Results from epidemiologic studies of postmenopausal hormone use and dementia have been conflicting. Investigators from the Women's Health Initiative Memory Study reported that the incidence of dementia in women aged >/=65 years assigned to hormone use was increased. Here the authors report results from a prospective cohort study of 2,906 dementia-free women (1,519 hormone users and 1,387 hormone nonusers) aged > or =75 years who were recruited from a Southern California health plan in 1999 and followed through 2003.

Prevalence and determinants of elevated apolipoprotein B and dense low-density lipoprotein in youths with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and determinants of elevated apolipoprotein B (apoB) and dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in United States youth with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.

Methods: We conducted cross-sectional analyses of apoB concentrations, LDL density, and prevalence of elevated apoB levels and dense LDL from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, a six-center U.S.