Loss-of-function mutations in WRKY22 and WRKY25 impair stomatal-mediated immunity and PTI and ETI responses against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.

Plants defend themselves against pathogens using a two-layered immune system. The first response, pattern-triggered immunity (PTI), is activated upon recognition of microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs). Virulent bacteria such as Pseudomonas syringae pv.

Potassium deprivation is sufficient to induce a cell death program in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Cell culture in low potassium (K(+)) media has been associated to programmed cell death (PCD) in metazoans. In this study, deprivation of K(+) led Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to a death process that involved phosphatidylserine externalization, changes in chromatin condensation, DNA and vacuole fragmentation as well as enhanced accumulation of reactive oxygen species. During the course of K(+) starvation, plasma membrane hyperpolarization and increased accumulation of calcium (Ca(2+)) took place.