Antibacterial activity of betle leaf (Piper betle l.) extract on inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus in conjunctivitis patient.

The aim of this study is to determine the antibacterial activity of Piper betle L. leaf extract on inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus in conjunctivitis patient. This study follows a post-test only group experimental design.

The Gene Polymorphisms (-308G/A) and the Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients with and Without Tuberculosis Infection.

Background: The gene polymorphism (-308G/A) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels influence development of disease in type 2 diabetic patients and tuberculosis patients.

Aim: In this study, we analyze the association between the TNF-α polymorphisms (-308G/A) and the levels of TNF-α in type 2 diabetic patients with and without tuberculosis infection.

Methods: This study was an analytic observational with cross sectional approach consisting 40 type 2 diabetic patients with tuberculosis infection, 40 type 2 diabetic patients without tuberculosis infection and 40 healthy control (HC) subjects.

Superoxide Dismutase Levels and Polymorphism () In Tuberculosis Patients with Diabetes Mellitus in Medan City.

Background: Infectious diseases and metabolic disorders would result in oxidative stress in cells. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant present inside cells that acts against oxidative stress. SOD gene polymorphism can affect the activity and levels of SOD.

Association between Glycated Hemoglobin with the Levels of Serum Proinflammatory Cytokines and Antioxidants in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital.

Background: Hyperglycemia condition in diabetes mellitus (DM) influences proinflammatory cytokine levels and disrupts antioxidant balances. Glycated Hemoglobin is used as a biomarker of glycemic control in DM.

Aim: This study aimed to analyse the association between glycated Hemoglobin with the levels of serum proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6) and antioxidants (glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione (GSH)) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients in Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Hospital.

Analysis of Concordance of Medication-Taking Behaviour in Tuberculosis Patients in Medan, Indonesia.

Aim: This study aimed to analyse tuberculosis (TB) medication-taking behaviour based on the concept of concordance between health workers and TB patients in Medan, Indonesia.

Methods: This study was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 100 patients undergoing TB treatment at several public health centres in Medan City participated in the study.