Water quality of springs and lakes in the Kumaon Lesser Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand, India.

The scarcity of drinking water has become a bitter reality in many countries. The gap between demand and supply of water has been increasing exponentially year by year. Deforestation, vigorous use of groundwater for agricultural practices, and pollution of our present water resources such as rivers, lakes, and wells are triggering the freshwater scarcity problem.

Dairy shed effluent treatment and recycling: Effluent characteristics and performance.

Dairy farm milking operations produce considerable amounts of carbon- and nutrient-rich effluent that can be a vital source of nutrients for pasture and crops. The study aim was to characterise dairy shed effluent from a commercial farm and examine the changes produced by treatment, storage and recycling of the effluent through a two-stage stabilisation pond system. The data and insights from the study are broadly applicable to passive pond systems servicing intensive dairy and other livestock operations.