Cryptocaryoic acids A - C: New phenyl alkyl acids isolated from the leaves of Australian rainforest plant Cryptocarya mackinnoniana.

Phytochemical investigation of the leaves of the Australian rainforest tree Cryptocarya mackinnoniana led to the discovery of three new oxygenated phenyl alkyl acids, cryptocaryoic acids A - C and two known compounds, cryptocaryone and 2',6'-dihydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone. The structures of all the compounds were determined by detailed spectroscopic analysis. Mosher's analysis was used for absolute stereochemistry determination at C-11, while the remaining stereochemistry determination of the one remaining stereocenter C-13 was based on NOESY correlations.

Mulgravanols A and B, rare oxidized xanthenes and a new phloroglucinol isolated from the Australian rainforest plant Waterhousea mulgraveana (Myrtaceae).

Phytochemical investigation of the Australian rainforest plant leaves Waterhousia mulgraveana, yielded two rare oxidized xanthenes, mulgravanols A (1) and B (2) along with a new phloroglucinol, mulgravanol C (3). Mulgravanol A (1) is the first reported example of a complex xanthene flanked by a methine bridged phloroglucinol unit. All the compounds displayed moderate inhibitory effects on nitric oxide production and TNF-α release in RAW 264.

Chronic Microglial Activation in the GFAP-IL6 Mouse Contributes to Age-Dependent Cerebellar Volume Loss and Impairment in Motor Function.

Chronic microglial activation is a prominent feature of many chronic neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. To investigate the effects of chronic microglial activation on cerebellar structure and motor function throughout the lifespan, the transgenic GFAP-IL6 mouse model was used. The aim of the study was to examine inflammatory markers and neuronal degeneration while simultaneously characterizing the motor performance of GFAP-IL6 mice at 3, 6, 14, and 24 months of age in comparison to WT (C57BL/6) mice.

Hydrogen peroxide mediates pro-inflammatory cell-to-cell signaling: a new therapeutic target for inflammation?

Nitric oxide is now universally recognized as an extracellular signaling molecule. Nitric oxide, produced in one cell, diffuses across the extracellular space and acts with targets in an adjoining cell. In this study, we present proof that hydrogen peroxide - like nitric oxide - acts as a true first (intercellular) messenger for a multitude of pro-inflammatory ligands.

Investigation Into the Effects of Tenilsetam on Markers of Neuroinflammation in GFAP-IL6 Mice.

Purpose: To test the short- and long-term effects of Tenilsetam on chronic neuroinflammation in the GFAP-IL6 mouse.

Methods: From 3 months of age, GFAP-IL6 mice were divided into 2 groups and fed with Tenilsetam enriched food pellets or control food pellets, respectively, for either 5 or 15 months. Total numbers of Iba-1 microglia, TSPO cells were determined using an unbiased stereological method.

Activation of Macrophages and Microglia by Interferon-γ and Lipopolysaccharide Increases Methylglyoxal Production: A New Mechanism in the Development of Vascular Complications and Cognitive Decline in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?

Methylglyoxal (MGO), a dicarbonyl compound derived from glucose, is elevated in diabetes mellitus and contributes to vascular complications by crosslinking collagen and increasing arterial stiffness. It is known that MGO contributes to inflammation as it forms advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which activate macrophages via the receptor RAGE. The aim of study was to investigate whether inflammatory activation can increase MGO levels, thereby completing a vicious cycle.

Anti-Inflammatory Chemical Profiling of the Australian Rainforest Tree Alphitonia petriei (Rhamnaceae).

Chronic inflammation is an important pathological condition in many human diseases, and due to the side effects of the currently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, discovery of novel anti-inflammatory drugs is of general interest. Anti-inflammatory activity guided compound isolation from the plant led to the isolation of the known plant sterols emmolic acid (), alphitolic acid (), and -coumaroyl esters of alphitolic acid ( and ) and betulinic acid (). A detailed spectroscopic analysis led to the structure elucidation of the alphitolic acid derivatives (-), and the semi-synthetic emmolic acid acetate ().

Anti-inflammatory activity of cinnamon (C. zeylanicum and C. cassia) extracts - identification of E-cinnamaldehyde and o-methoxy cinnamaldehyde as the most potent bioactive compounds.

Chronic inflammation is a contributing factor in many age-related diseases. In a previous study, we have shown that Sri Lankan cinnamon (C. zeylanicum) was one of the most potent anti-inflammatory foods out of 115 foods tested.

Anti-inflammatory effects of five commercially available mushroom species determined in lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ activated murine macrophages.

Inflammation is a well-known contributing factor to many age-related chronic diseases. One of the possible strategies to suppress inflammation is the employment of functional foods with anti-inflammatory properties. Edible mushrooms are attracting more and more attention as functional foods since they are rich in bioactive compounds, but their anti-inflammatory properties and the effect of food processing steps on this activity has not been systematically investigated.

Determination of anti-inflammatory activities of standardised preparations of plant- and mushroom-based foods.

Purpose: Chronic inflammatory processes contribute to the pathogenesis of many age-related diseases. In search of anti-inflammatory foods, we have systematically screened a variety of common dietary plants and mushrooms for their anti-inflammatory activity.

Methods: A selection of 115 samples was prepared by a generic food-compatible processing method involving heating.