Cyclic AMP signaling in Dictyostelium promotes the translocation of the copine family of calcium-binding proteins to the plasma membrane.

Background: Copines are calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteins found in many eukaryotic organisms and are thought to be involved in signaling pathways that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes. Copines are characterized by having two C2 domains at the N-terminus accompanied by an A domain at the C-terminus. Six copine genes have been identified in the Dictyostelium genome, cpnA - cpnF.

Insect-specific flavivirus infection is restricted by innate immunity in the vertebrate host.

Arboviruses are a large group of viruses that are transmitted by arthropods including ticks and mosquitoes. The global diversity of arboviruses is unknown; however, theoretical studies have estimated that over 2,000 mosquito-borne flaviviruses may exist. An increasing number of flaviviruses can only infect insect cells.

Safe Handling of West Nile Virus in the Insectary.

Working with West Nile virus (WNV) in the insectary requires specific facilities and protocols to prevent laboratory-acquired infection. Here, we review case reports of individuals infected with members of the Flaviviridae while performing biomedical research in traditional laboratories and insectaries. We highlight the most common transmission route and summarize recommendations for facilities and protocols designed to prevent laboratory-acquired infections.