In planta dynamics, transport biases, and endogenous functions of mobile siRNAs in Arabidopsis.

In RNA interference (RNAi), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) produced from double-stranded RNA guide ARGONAUTE (AGO) proteins to silence sequence-complementary RNA/DNA. RNAi can propagate locally and systemically in plants, but despite recent advances in our understanding of the underlying mechanisms, basic questions remain unaddressed. For instance, RNAi is inferred to diffuse through plasmodesmata (PDs), yet how its dynamics in planta compares with that of established symplastic diffusion markers remains unknown.

Development of Educational Media for Medical Trainees Studying MRI Physics: Effect of Media Format on Learning and Engagement.

Purpose: MRI physics is a challenging subject for radiology residents and comprises a significant portion of the ABR CORE examination, which must be passed to achieve board certification. Despite established needs for increased quality and quantity of radiology physics resources, there is little information regarding the most effective method of engaging learners and delivering this content.

Methods: To assess trainee perceptions of currently available MRI physics learning resources, a needs assessment survey was distributed to current members and recent graduates of our diagnostic radiology residency program.

HASTY, the Arabidopsis EXPORTIN5 ortholog, regulates cell-to-cell and vascular microRNA movement.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) guide cytosolic post-transcriptional gene silencing of sequence-complementary transcripts within the producing cells, as well as in distant cells and tissues. Here, we used an artificial miRNA-based system (amiRSUL) in Arabidopsis thaliana to explore the still elusive mechanisms of inter-cellular miRNA movement via forward genetics. This screen identified many mutant alleles of HASTY (HST), the ortholog of mammalian EXPORTIN5 (XPO5) with a recently reported role in miRNA biogenesis in Arabidopsis.

Movement and differential consumption of short interfering RNA duplexes underlie mobile RNA interference.

In RNA interference (RNAi), the RNase III Dicer processes long double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into short interfering RNA (siRNA), which, when loaded into ARGONAUTE (AGO) family proteins, execute gene silencing. Remarkably, RNAi can act non-cell autonomously: it is graft transmissible, and plasmodesmata-associated proteins modulate its cell-to-cell spread. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms involved remain ill defined, probably reflecting a disparity of experimental settings.

Surface-Dependent Activation of Model α-Al O -Supported P-Doped Hydrotreating Catalysts Prepared by Spin Coating.

Requirements for improved catalytic formulations is continuously driving research in hydrotreating (HDT) catalysis for biomass upgrading and heteroatom removal for cleaner fuels. The present work proposes a surface-science approach for the understanding of the genesis of the active (sulfide) phase in model P-doped MoS hydrotreating catalysts supported on α-Al O single crystals. This approach allows one to obtain a surface-dependent insight by varying the crystal orientations of the support.

Using experience sampling to examine links between compassion, eudaimonia, and pro-social behavior.

Objective: Compassion has been associated with eudaimonia and pro-social behavior, and it has been regarded as a virtue, both historically and cross-culturally. However, the psychological study of compassion has been limited to laboratory settings and/or standard survey assessments. Here, we use an experience sampling method (ESM) to compare naturalistic assessments of compassion with standard assessments, and to examine compassion, its variability, and associations with eudaimonia and pro-social behavior.

Increasing the carbohydrate storage capacity of plants by engineering a glycogen-like polymer pool in the cytosol.

Global demand for higher crop yields and for more efficient utilization of agricultural products will grow over the next decades. Here, we present a new concept for boosting the carbohydrate content of plants, by channeling photosynthetically fixed carbon into a newly engineered glucose polymer pool. We transiently expressed the starch/glycogen synthases from either Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Cyanidioschyzon merolae, together with the starch branching enzyme from C.

Aqueous-Phase Preparation of Model HDS Catalysts on Planar Alumina Substrates: Support Effect on Mo Adsorption and Sulfidation.

The role of the oxide support on the structure of the MoS2 active phase (size, morphology, orientation, sulfidation ratio, etc.) remains an open question in hydrotreating catalysis and biomass processing with important industrial implications for the design of improved catalytic formulations. The present work builds on an aqueous-phase surface-science approach using four well-defined α-alumina single crystal surfaces (C (0001), A (112̅0), M (101̅0), and R (11̅02) planes) as surrogates for γ-alumina (the industrial support) in order to discriminate the specific role of individual support facets.

MiR171h restricts root symbioses and shows like its target NSP2 a complex transcriptional regulation in Medicago truncatula.

Background: Legumes have the unique capability to undergo root nodule and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Both types of root endosymbiosis are regulated by NSP2, which is a target of microRNA171h (miR171h). Although, recent data implies that miR171h specifically restricts arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis in the root elongation zone of Medicago truncatula roots, there is limited knowledge available about the spatio-temporal regulation of miR171h expression at different physiological and symbiotic conditions.

Visual transform applications for estimating the spatial QRS-T angle from the conventional 12-lead ECG: Kors is still most Frank.

Background: The 12-lead ECG-derived spatial QRS-T angle has prognostic and diagnostic utility, but most ECG machines currently fail to report it. The primary goal was to determine if reasonably accurate methods exist for rapid visual estimations of the spatial peaks QRS-T angle from conventional 12-lead ECG tracings.

Methods And Results: Simultaneous 12-lead and Frank XYZ-lead recordings were obtained from a publicly available database for 100 post-myocardial infarction patients and 50 controls.

An endogenous artificial microRNA system for unraveling the function of root endosymbioses related genes in Medicago truncatula.

Background: Legumes have the unique capacity to undergo two important root endosymbioses: the root nodule symbiosis and the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Medicago truncatula is widely used to unravel the functions of genes during these root symbioses. Here we describe the development of an artificial microRNA (amiR)-mediated gene silencing system for M.

Impregnation of decamolybdocobaltate heteropolyanions over γ-alumina: detailed description of the physico-chemical phenomena.

In this work, the physicochemical phenomena occurring during equilibrium impregnation of Anderson-like decamolybdocobaltate H(4)Co(2)Mo(10)O(38)(6-) heteropolyanion aqueous solutions over γ-Al(2)O(3) were described in detail comprising chemical analysis, pH measurements, Raman, and UV-vis spectra. For a surface density lower than 2.5 Mo atoms nm(-2), the buffering effect of the support leads to decomposition of H(4)Co(2)Mo(10)O(38)(6-) into monomolybdates MoO(4)(2-) and Co(2+) cobalt cations that are then adsorbed by electrostatic and covalent interactions with γ-alumina.

The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis influences sulfur starvation responses of Medicago truncatula.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualistic interaction that occurs between the large majority of vascular plants and fungi of the phylum Glomeromycota. In addition to other nutrients, sulfur compounds are symbiotically transferred from AM fungus to host plants; however, the physiological importance of mycorrhizal-mediated sulfur for plant metabolism has not yet been determined. We applied different sulfur and phosphate fertilization treatments to Medicago truncatula and investigated whether mycorrhizal colonization influences leaf metabolite composition and the expression of sulfur starvation-related genes.

Decamolybdocobaltate heteropolyanions in aqueous solutions: chemistry driving their formation and domains of stability.

In the present study, aqueous solutions of decamolybdocobaltate H(4)Co(2)Mo(10)O(38)(6-) heteropolyanions were prepared from molybdenum oxide, cobalt carbonate precursors and hydrogen peroxide used as oxidizing agent. The preparation was optimized adding a consecutive hydrothermal treatment at 150 °C to obtain pure H(4)Co(2)Mo(10)O(38)(6-) aqueous solutions for Co/Mo atomic ratio of 0.5.

Distribution pattern of small RNA and degradome reads provides information on miRNA gene structure and regulation.

Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) have an impact in the regulation of several biological processes such as development, growth and metabolism by negatively controlling gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. However, the role of these small molecules in the symbiotic interaction of plant roots and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi remained elusive. To elucidate the role of miRNAs during AM symbiosis we used a deep sequencing approach to analyze the small RNA and degradome sequence tags of Medicago truncatula non-mycorrhizal and mycorrhizal roots.

Stars and symbiosis: microRNA- and microRNA*-mediated transcript cleavage involved in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

The majority of plants are able to form the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis in association with AM fungi. During symbiosis development, plant cells undergo a complex reprogramming resulting in profound morphological and physiological changes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important components of the regulatory network of plant cells.

A processive glycosyltransferase involved in glycolipid synthesis during phosphate deprivation in Mesorhizobium loti.

Natural habitats are often characterized by a low availability of phosphate. In plants and many bacteria, phosphate deficiency causes different physiological responses, including the replacement of phosphoglycerolipids in the membranes with nonphosphorous lipids. We describe here a processive glycosyltransferase (Pgt) in Mesorhizobium loti (Rhizobiales) involved in the synthesis of di- and triglycosyldiacylglycerols (DGlycD and TGlycD) during phosphate deprivation.

Expression pattern suggests a role of MiR399 in the regulation of the cellular response to local Pi increase during arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis.

Many plants improve their phosphate (Pi) availability by forming mutualistic associations with arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Pi-repleted plants are much less colonized by AM fungi than Pi-depleted plants. This indicates a link between plant Pi signaling and AM development.

I want to be creative: exploring the role of hedonic contingency theory in the positive mood-cognitive flexibility link.

Three studies explored the role of hedonic contingency theory as an explanation for the link between positive mood and cognitive flexibility. Study 1 examined the determinants of activity choice for participants in happy, sad, or neutral moods. Consistent with hedonic contingency theory, happy participants weighted potential for creativity as well as the pleasantness of the task more heavily in their preference ratings.

The making of a grounded theory: after death communication.

Qualitative research provides understanding of phenomena with a depth and richness that cannot be generated through quantitative approaches. Qualitative methods, however, can often appear difficult, if not confusing. In this article, the authors take the reader through the grounded theory process using Devers's research, Experiencing the Deceased: Reconciling the Extraordinary (1994), a study of after death communication (ADC), to illustrate the use of this particular qualitative method.