Optimizing conditions in online RPLC × SFC for the analysis of complex samples containing neutral compounds: Solving injection issues.

The online combination of reversed-phase liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography (online RPLC × SFC) is an attractive technique for the characterization of complex samples containing neutral compounds as the two techniques are highly complementary, especially with a polar stationary phase in supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC). However, the setup is challenging due to the presence of hydro-organic solvents in RPLC, which become injection solvent in SFC. In this study, numerous key experimental parameters were identified and found to have a major effect on peak shape under RPLC × SFC conditions.

Autoantibodies Against Dihydrolipoamide S-Acetyltransferase Are Not Associated With Immune-Mediated Neuropathies.

Objectives: Dihydrolipoamide S-acetyltransferase (DLAT), the E2 component of the mitochondrial pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC-E2), has recently been suggested to be a biomarker of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). It was particularly associated with sensory variants of CIDP. Antimitochondrial antibodies are important for the diagnosis of primary biliary cholangitis, but insofar, only 2 studies have reported an association with CIDP.

Online Supercritical Fluid Chromatography Hyphenated to Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry with Quadrupole Detection for Microalgae Bio-Oil Characterization.

Microalgae are an attractive feedstock for biofuel production thanks to their renewable nature, high growth rate, and ability to use anthropogenic CO. The conversion of microalgae by hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) leads to a solid residue, a gaseous phase, and a biocrude. However, the bio-oil is rich in heteroatoms and requires upgrading processes to be used as biofuels.

An immuno-DOT diagnostic assay for autoimmune nodopathy.

Objectives: Autoimmune nodopathy (AN) is a life-threatening peripheral neuropathy mediated by four autoantibodies targeting axoglial cell adhesion molecules at the nodes of Ranvier: Neurofascin-155 (Nfasc155), PanNeurofascin (PanNfasc), Contactin-1 (CNTN1), and Contactin-associated protein 1 (CASPR1). Antibody detection is a strong biomarker for AN diagnosis and treatment monitoring. The aim of this study was to develop an immuno-dot assay (immuno-DOT) compatible with routine implementation in medical laboratories.

Characterizing Acute-Onset Small Fiber Neuropathy.

Background And Objectives: Immune-mediated small fiber neuropathy (SFN) is increasingly recognized. Acute-onset SFN (AOSFN) remains poorly described. Herein, we report a series of AOSFN cases in which immune origins are debatable.

Successful autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in a refractory anti-Caspr1 antibody nodopathy.

Aim: Autoimmune nodopathies have specific clinicopathologic features, antibodies directed against nodal proteins (neurofascin 186) or paranodal proteins (neurofascin 155, contactin 1, contactin-associated protein 1 (Caspr1)), and usually have a poor response to first-line therapies for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Anti-Caspr1 nodopathy treated with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) has not been previously reported.

Methods: We report the first case of an anti-Caspr1 antibody-positive nodopathy refractory to high-intensity immunosuppressive treatment, including rituximab, that responded dramatically to AHSCT.

Succinate-mediated reactive oxygen species production in the anoxia-tolerant epaulette () and grey carpet () sharks.

Anoxia/re-oxygenation (AR) results in elevated unchecked oxidative stress and mediates irreversible damage within the brain for most vertebrates. Succinate accumulation within mitochondria of the ischaemic brain appears to increase the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) upon re-oxygenation. Two closely related elasmobranchs, the epaulette shark () and the grey carpet shark () repeatedly experience near anoxia and re-oxygenation in their habitats and have adapted to survive AR at tropical temperatures without significant brain injuries.

Metabolic resilience of the Australasian snapper () to marine heatwaves and hypoxia.

Marine organisms are under threat from a simultaneous combination of climate change stressors, including warming sea surface temperatures (SST), marine heatwave (MHW) episodes, and hypoxic events. This study sought to investigate the impacts of these stressors on the Australasian snapper () - a finfish species of high commercial and recreational importance, from the largest snapper fishery in Aotearoa New Zealand (SNA1). A MHW scenario was simulated from 21°C (current February SST average for north-eastern New Zealand) to a future predicted level of 25°C, with the whole-animal and mitochondrial metabolic performance of snapper in response to hypoxia and elevated temperature tested after 1-, 10-, and 30-days of thermal challenge.

Dynamic defence? Intertidal triplefin species show better maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential than subtidal species at low oxygen pressures.

Oxygen is essential for most eukaryotic lifeforms, as it supports mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation to supply ∼90% of cellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Fluctuations in O2 present a major stressor, with hypoxia leading to a cascade of detrimental physiological changes that alter cell operations and ultimately induce death. Nonetheless, some species episodically tolerate near-anoxic environments, and have evolved mechanisms to sustain function even during extended hypoxic periods.

Electron transfer and ROS production in brain mitochondria of intertidal and subtidal triplefin fish (Tripterygiidae).

While oxygen is essential for oxidative phosphorylation, O can form reactive species (ROS) when interacting with electrons of mitochondrial electron transport system. ROS is dependent on O pressure (PO) and has traditionally been assessed in O saturated media, PO at which mitochondria do not typically function in vivo. Mitochondrial ROS can be significantly elevated by the respiratory complex II substrate succinate, which can accumulate within hypoxic tissues, and this is exacerbated further with reoxygenation.

On-line reversed-phase liquid chromatography x supercritical fluid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry: A powerful tool for the characterization of advanced biofuels.

Bio-oils obtained by thermochemical or biochemical conversion of biomass represent a promising source of energy to complement fossil fuels, in particular for maritime or air transport for which the use of hydrogen or electricity appears complicated. As these bio-oils are very rich in water and heteroatoms, additional treatments are necessary before they can be used as biofuel. In order to improve the efficiency of these treatments, it is important to have a thorough knowledge of the composition of the bio-oil.

Effect of monovalency on anti-contactin-1 IgG4.

Introduction: Autoimmune nodopathies (AN) have been diagnosed in a subset of patients fulfilling criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) who display no or poor response to intravenous immunoglobulins. Biomarkers of AN are autoantibodies, mainly IgG4, directed against the ternary paranodal complex composed by neurofascin-155, contactin-1 (CNTN1), and Contactin-associated-protein-1 (CASPR1) or against the nodal isoforms of neurofascin. IgG4 can undergo a Fab-arm exchange (FAE) which results in functionally monovalent antibody.

Integrated Approach to Eco-Friendly Thermoplastic Composites Based on Chemically Recycled PET Co-Polymers Reinforced with Treated Banana Fibres.

A major societal issue of disposal and environmental pollution is raised by the enormous and fast-growing production of single-use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, especially in developing countries. To contribute to the problem solution, an original route to recycle PET in the form of value-added environmentally friendly thermoplastic composites with banana fibres () has been developed at the laboratory scale. Banana fibres are a so far undervalued by-product of banana crops with great potential as polymer reinforcement.

Immune-mediated diseases involving central and peripheral nervous systems.

Background And Purpose: In addition to combined central and peripheral demyelination, other immune diseases could involve both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS).

Methods: To identify immune-mediated diseases responsible for symptomatic combined central/peripheral nervous system involvement (ICCPs), we conducted a multicentric retrospective study and assessed clinical, electrophysiological, and radiological features of patients fulfilling our ICCP criteria.

Results: Thirty patients (20 males) were included and followed during a median of 79.

Physiology of PNS axons relies on glycolytic metabolism in myelinating Schwann cells.

While lactate shuttle theory states that glial cells metabolize glucose into lactate to shuttle it to neurons, how glial cells support axonal metabolism and function remains unclear. Lactate production is a common occurrence following anaerobic glycolysis in muscles. However, several other cell types, including some stem cells, activated macrophages and tumor cells, can produce lactate in presence of oxygen and cellular respiration, using Pyruvate Kinase 2 (PKM2) to divert pyruvate to lactate dehydrogenase.

IgG4 Valency Modulates the Pathogenicity of Anti-Neurofascin-155 IgG4 in Autoimmune Nodopathy.

Background And Objectives: IgG4 autoantibodies to neurofascin-155 (Nfasc155) are associated with a subgroup of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP), currently named autoimmune nodopathy. We previously demonstrated that those antibodies alter conduction along myelinated axons by inducing Nfasc155 depletion and paranode destruction. In blood, IgG4 have the potency to exchange their moiety with other unrelated IgG4 through a process called Fab-arm exchange (FAE).

Paradoxes of Hymenoptera flight muscles, extreme machines.

In the Carboniferous, insects evolved flight. Intense selection drove for high performance and approximately 100 million years later, Hymenoptera (bees, wasps and ants) emerged. Some species had proportionately small wings, with apparently impossible aerodynamic challenges including a need for high frequency flight muscles (FMs), powered exclusively off aerobic pathways and resulting in extreme aerobic capacities.

Autoantibody profile in a Malaysian cohort of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

We report on our cohort of patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) who fulfilled the 2010 diagnostic criteria of CIDP. Patients were consecutively recruited and their demographics, clinical features and serological analysis of autoantibodies against neurofascin (NF)-155, NF-186, contactin-1 (CNTN1) and contactin-associated protein 1 were obtained. A total of 26 patients for which there was serologic testing were included: 22 typical CIDP, 3 distal CIDP and 1 multifocal CIDP.

Contactin-1 is a novel target antigen in membranous nephropathy associated with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy.

Primary membranous nephropathy (MN) is an autoimmune glomerular disease in which autoantibodies are directed against podocyte proteins. In about 80% of cases the main targeted antigen is the phospholipase A2 receptor 1 (PLA2R1). Anti-PLA2R1 antibodies are mainly immunoglobulin G type 4 (IgG4).

Thermally tolerant intertidal triplefin fish (Tripterygiidae) sustain ATP dynamics better than subtidal species under acute heat stress.

Temperature is a key factor that affects all levels of organization. Minute shifts away from thermal optima result in detrimental effects that impact growth, reproduction and survival. Metabolic rates of ectotherms are especially sensitive to temperature and for organisms exposed to high acute temperature changes, in particular intertidal species, energetic processes are often negatively impacted.