Deep learning insights into distinct patterns of polygenic adaptation across human populations.

Response to spatiotemporal variation in selection gradients resulted in signatures of polygenic adaptation in human genomes. We introduce RAISING, a two-stage deep learning framework that optimizes neural network architecture through hyperparameter tuning before performing feature selection and prediction tasks. We tested RAISING on published and newly designed simulations that incorporate the complex interplay between demographic history and selection gradients.

The PARTNER trial of neoadjuvant olaparib with chemotherapy in triple-negative breast cancer.

PARTNER is a prospective, phase II-III, randomized controlled clinical trial that recruited patients with triple-negative breast cancer, who were germline BRCA1 and BRCA2 wild type. Here we report the results of the trial. Patients (n = 559) were randomized on a 1:1 basis to receive neoadjuvant carboplatin-paclitaxel with or without 150 mg olaparib twice daily, on days 3 to 14, of each of four cycles (gap schedule olaparib, research arm) followed by three cycles of anthracycline-based chemotherapy before surgery.

Multi-faceted dysregulated immune response for COVID-19 infection explaining clinical heterogeneity.

Clinical heterogeneity and varied prognosis are well noted for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Altered immune response is a major feature for the adverse prognosis however focus on altered immune response has been primarily limited to hyper-inflammatory responses like Cytokine storm. A deeper understanding of viral pathobiology and the interplay of innate and adaptive immune cells against SARS-CoV-2 infection is essential to optimize intervention strategy and future preparedness for SARS-CoV-2 or its related viral diseases.

Temporal dynamics of oropharyngeal microbiome among SARS-CoV-2 patients reveals continued dysbiosis even after Viral Clearance.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has posed multiple challenges to global public health. Clinical features and sequela of SARS-CoV-2 infection include long-term and short-term complications often clinically indistinguishable from bacterial sepsis and acute lung infection. Post-hoc studies of previous SARS outbreaks postulate secondary bacterial infections with microbial dysbiosis.

Real-World Experience of Immunotherapy from India in Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck Cancer.

Recurrent metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients carry a poor prognosis and have limited therapeutic options. In the randomized phase-3 trial CheckMate 141, nivolumab showed benefit in overall survival (OS) with manageable toxicity. Nivolumab is available for clinical practice since 2017 in India.

Which patients with ES-SCLC are most likely to benefit from more aggressive radiotherapy: A secondary analysis of the Phase III CREST trial.

Introduction: In ES-SCLC patients with residual intrathoracic disease after first-line chemotherapy, the addition of thoracic radiotherapy reduces the risk of intrathoracic recurrence, and improves 2-year survival. To identify patient subgroups for future trials investigating higher dose (extra)thoracic radiotherapy, we investigated the prognostic importance of number and sites of metastases in patients included in the CREST trial.

Materials/ Methods: Additional data on sites and numbers of metastases were collected from individual records of 260 patients from the top 9 recruiting centers in the randomized CREST trial (53% of 495 study patients), which compared thoracic radiotherapy (TRT) to no TRT in ES-SCLC patients after any response to chemotherapy.