Methyl (2Z)-2-bromo-methyl-3-(2,4-dichloro-phen-yl)prop-2-enoate.

In the title compound C11H9BrCl2O2, which represents the Z isomer, the methyl-acrylate moiety is essentially planar within 0.039 (2) Å and has an extended trans configuration. The benzene ring makes a dihedral angle of 28.

Reorganization of an intersubunit bridge induced by disparate 16S ribosomal ambiguity mutations mimics an EF-Tu-bound state.

After four decades of research aimed at understanding tRNA selection on the ribosome, the mechanism by which ribosomal ambiguity (ram) mutations promote miscoding remains unclear. Here, we present two X-ray crystal structures of the Thermus thermophilus 70S ribosome containing 16S rRNA ram mutations, G347U and G299A. Each of these mutations causes miscoding in vivo and stimulates elongation factor thermo unstable (EF-Tu)-dependent GTP hydrolysis in vitro.

Role of Photoexcitation and Field Ionization in the Measurement of Accurate Oxide Stoichiometry by Laser-Assisted Atom Probe Tomography.

The addition of pulsed lasers to atom probe tomography (APT) extends its high spatial and mass resolution capability to nonconducting materials, such as oxides. For a prototypical metal oxide, MgO, the measured stoichiometry depends strongly on the laser pulse energy and applied voltage. Very low laser energies (0.

Subsurface synthesis and characterization of Ag nanoparticles embedded in MgO.

Metal nanoparticles exhibit a localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) which is very sensitive to the size and shape of the nanoparticle and the surrounding dielectric medium. The coupling between the electromagnetic radiation and the localized surface plasmon in metallic nanoparticles results in a sizable enhancement of the incident fields, making them possible candidates for plasmonic applications. In particular, partially exposed metallic nanoparticles distributed in a dielectric matrix can provide prime locations for LSPR spectroscopy and sensing.

Methyl (E)-2-cyano-3-(6-nitro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)acrylate.

In the title compound, C(12)H(8)N(2)O(6), the 1,3-benzodioxole ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.036 (2) Å] and the nitro group is oriented at a dihedral angle of 15.4 (1)° with respect to its mean plane.

(E)-3-(1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl)-2-{[N-(2-formylphenyl)-4-methylbenzenesulfon-amido]methyl}prop-2-enenitrile.

In the title compound, C(25)H(20)N(2)O(5)S, the benzodioxole ring system is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.021 (2) Å] and forms dihedral angles of 85.2 (1) and 74.

Sleeping Beauty transposon-based system for cellular reprogramming and targeted gene insertion in induced pluripotent stem cells.

The discovery of direct cell reprogramming and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology opened up new avenues for the application of non-viral, transposon-based gene delivery systems. The Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposon is highly advanced for versatile genetic manipulations in mammalian cells. We established iPS cell reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human foreskin fibroblasts by transposition of OSKM (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc) and OSKML (OSKM + Lin28) expression cassettes mobilized by the SB100X hyperactive transposase.

Transposon-mediated transgenesis, transgenic rescue, and tissue-specific gene expression in rodents and rabbits.

Germline transgenesis is an important procedure for functional investigation of biological pathways, as well as for animal biotechnology. We have established a simple, nonviral protocol in three important biomedical model organisms frequently used in physiological studies. The protocol is based on the hyperactive Sleeping Beauty transposon system, SB100X, which reproducibly promoted generation of transgenic founders at frequencies of 50-64, 14-72, and 15% in mice, rats, and rabbits, respectively.

2,2'-Diisopropoxy-5,5'-methyl-enedi-benz-alde-hyde.

Mol-ecules of the title compound, C(21)H(24)O(4), are located on a twofold rotation axis running through the central methyl-ene C atom. The aldehyde group is coplanar with the benzene ring [C-C-C-O = 175.7 (4) °].

Methyl (E)-2-[(2-nitro-phen-oxy)meth-yl]-3-phenyl-acrylate.

The title compound, C(17)H(15)NO(5), adopts an E conformation with respect to the C=C double bond of the phenyl-acrylate unit. The phenyl ring and methyl acrylate group of the phenyl-acrylate unit are disordered over two sets of sites with site-occupancy ratios of 0.705 (5):0.

Measurement methods and algorithms for the management of solid nodules.

The increased detection of incidental small pulmonary nodules on multidetector computed tomography has driven attempts to refine the characterization and management of such nodules. A variety of methods have been developed to measure the size and biological activity of nodules to help define their nature, but these have limitations. Several clinical trials have assessed the efficacy of low-dose computed tomography screening for lung cancer and offer some insights into these limitations; however, they also provide evidence that refines existing nodule management strategies.

(E)-Methyl 2-benzyl-3-o-tolyl-acrylate.

In the title compound, C(18)H(18)O(2), the methyl acrylate substituent adopts an extended E conformation with all torsion angles close to 180°. The mean plane of the acrylate unit and the phenyl ring are approximately orthogonal to each other, making a dihedral angle of 81.40 (6)°.

Imaging of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Chest radiography and computed tomography (CT) have a crucial role to play in the diagnosis and management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The identification of pulmonary opacification is a requirement for the definition of ARDS on the chest radiograph, while CT has a role to play, not only in the diagnosis of ARDS, but also in the identification of complications. This paper reviews the radiological appearances of ARDS that have been documented for some time, and also more recent research that has identified a role for CT in directing ventilation and in prognostication.

Chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis: high resolution computed tomography patterns and pulmonary function indices as prognostic determinants.

Objectives: To investigate high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and pulmonary function indices (PFTs) for determining prognosis in patients with chronic fibrotic hypersensitivity pneumonitis (CHP).

Methods: Case records, PFTs (FEV(1), FVC and DLco) and HRCTs of ninety-two patients with chronic hypersensitivity pneumonitis were evaluated. HRCT studies were scored by two observers for total disease extent, ground-glass opacification, fine and coarse reticulation, microcystic and macrocystic honeycombing, centrilobular emphysema and consolidation.

A practical approach to cystic lung disease on HRCT.

A lung cyst is defined as a round parenchymal lucency or area of low attenuation with a thin wall. They are not uncommon findings on high-resolution (HR) thoracic computed tomography (CT) and when identified, they require explanation. The differential diagnosis for diseases characterised by lung cysts is broad ranging from isolated chest disorders to rare multisystem diseases.

Role of helix 44 of 16S rRNA in the fidelity of translation initiation.

The molecular mechanisms that govern translation initiation to ensure accuracy remain unclear. Here, we provide evidence that the subunit-joining step of initiation is controlled in part by a conformational change in the 1408 region of helix h44. First, chemical probing of 30S initiation complexes formed with either a cognate (AUG) or near-cognate (AUC) start codon shows that an IF1-dependent enhancement at A1408 is reduced in the presence of AUG.

2-[(6-Nitro-1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)methyl-idene]malononitrile.

In the title compound, C(11)H(5)N(3)O(4), the nitro group is rotated by 29.91 (16)° out of the plane of the adjacent aryl ring. The 1,3-benzodioxole ring is nearly planar, with a maximium deviation of 0.

Evolution of CT pulmonary angiography: referral patterns and diagnostic yield in 2009 compared with 2006.

Background: CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) is an increasingly popular imaging test for assessing patients with acute chest pain.

Purpose: To evaluate the number of CTPA performed in 2009 compared with 2006 and assess the frequency of pulmonary embolus (PE) versus alternative diagnoses.

Material And Methods: Numbers of CTPA and V/Q scans performed in a six-month period of 2006 and 2009 were established by review of the hospital radiology information system.

Geopolymers prepared from DC plasma treated air pollution control (APC) residues glass: properties and characterisation of the binder phase.

Air pollution control (APC) residues have been blended with glass-forming additives and treated using DC plasma technology to produce a high calcium aluminosilicate glass (APC glass). This has been used to form geopolymer-glass composites that exhibit high strength and density, low porosity, low water absorption, low leaching and high acid resistance. The composites have a microstructure consisting of un-reacted residual APC glass particles imbedded in a complex geopolymer and C-S-H gel binder phase, and behave as particle reinforced composites.

Method for minimizing observer variation for the quantitation of high-resolution computed tomographic signs of lung disease.

Objectives: This study aimed to describe a method of reducing interobserver variation associated with the visual quantitation of high-resolution computed tomographic (HRCT) signs of airways and interstitial lung disease (ILD).

Methods: The HRCT scans of 2 cohorts of patients with airways disease (n = 144) and ILD (n = 109) were evaluated by 2 observers. Selected signs of airways disease were evaluated: (1) bronchial wall thickness and (2) the extent of the decreased attenuation.

Novel mixed-mode phase transition involving a composition-dependent displacive component.

Solid-solid displacive, structural phase transformations typically undergo a discrete structural change from a parent to a product phase. Coupling electron microscopy, three-dimensional atom probe, and first-principles computations, we present the first direct evidence of a novel mechanism for a coupled diffusional-displacive transformation in titanium-molybdenum alloys wherein the displacive component in the product phase changes continuously with changing composition. These results have implications for other transformations and cannot be explained by conventional theories.

CT screening for lung cancer in the UK: position statement by UKLS investigators following the NLST report.

Background: The imminent publication of a randomised controlled trial from the USA that suggests CT screening reduces mortality from lung cancer by more than 20%, may potentially lead to one of the most important developments in lung cancer care. However, there remain important questions about the applicability of the results to the UK and the clinical effectiveness of this intervention, including its feasibility and cost-effectiveness.

Objective: To describe the remaining questions that need to be answered by further research and to comment on the use of CT screening in the UK outside a clinical trial.

Pulmonary hypertension in patients with bronchiectasis: prognostic significance of CT signs.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between pulmonary hypertension estimated with CT and outcome among patients with bronchiectasis.

Materials And Methods: The cases of 91 patients with bronchiectasis were studied. CT signs of pulmonary hypertension examined were main pulmonary artery diameter, right and left main pulmonary artery diameters, and the ratio between the diameters of the main pulmonary artery and the ascending aorta.