Assessing the impact of authorisation process as a regulatory tool in the European REACH regulation: A study on improving occupational safety for applying companies.

This study looks into the effectiveness of the authorisation procedure as a regulatory instrument within the framework of the European REACH regulation. It highlights its impact on enhancing occupational safety and health for both applicants and companies utilising the substances. This procedure encompasses manufacturers, importers, and downstream users of substances, as well as representatives of foreign manufacturers who are also eligible to seek authorisation.

Surprises in the Solvent-Induced Self-Ionization in the Uranium Tetrahalide UX (X = Cl, Br, I)/Ethyl Acetate System.

The reaction of the uranium(IV) halides UCl, UBr, or UI with ethyl acetate (EtOAc) leads to the formation of the complexes [UX(EtOAc)][UX(EtOAc)] (X = Cl, Br) or [UI(EtOAc)]. Thus, both UCl and UBr show self-ionization in ethyl acetate to a distorted pentagonal bipyramidal [UX(EtOAc)] cation and a distorted octahedral [UX(EtOAc)] anion. Surprisingly, the chloride and bromide compounds are not isotypic.

Transition between Instability and Seeded Self-Modulation of a Relativistic Particle Bunch in Plasma.

We use a relativistic ionization front to provide various initial transverse wakefield amplitudes for the self-modulation of a long proton bunch in plasma. We show experimentally that, with sufficient initial amplitude [≥(4.1±0.

Substantial π-aromaticity in the anionic heavy-metal cluster [Th@Bi].

The concept of aromaticity was originally defined as a property of unsaturated, cyclic planar organic molecules like benzene, which gain stability by the inherent delocalization of 4n + 2 π-electrons over the ring atoms. Since then, π-aromaticity has been observed for a large variety of organic and inorganic non-metal compounds, yet, for molecules consisting only of metal atoms, it has remained restricted to systems with three to five atoms. Here, we present the straightforward synthesis of a metal 12-ring that exhibits 2π-aromaticity and has a ring current much stronger than that of benzene (6π) and equivalent to that of porphine (26π), despite these organic molecules having (much) larger numbers of π-electrons.

Synthesis and crystal structure of tri-ethyl-ammonium hexa-bromido-uranate(IV) di-chloro-methane monosolvate.

Tri-ethyl-ammonium hexa-bromido-uranate(IV) di-chloro-methane monosolvate, [(CH)NH][UBr]·CHCl, was obtained in the form of dark-brown crystals from the reaction of uranium penta-bromide with NEt and ethyl-ene glycol in di-chloro-methane at low temperature. During the progress of the reaction, the reduction of uranium(V) to uranium(IV) was observed, whose associated oxidation product could not be identified. The uranium atom of the [UBr] anion is coordinated by six bromido ligands in the shape of an octa-hedron.

Complexes featuring a linear [N≡U≡N] core isoelectronic to the uranyl cation.

The aqueous chemistry of uranium is dominated by the linear uranyl cation [UO], yet the isoelectronic nitrogen-based analogue of this ubiquitous cation, molecular [UN], has so far only been observed in an argon matrix. Here, we present three different complexes of [UN] obtained by the reaction of the uranium pentahalides UCl or UBr with anhydrous liquid ammonia. The [UN] moieties are linear, with the U atoms coordinated by five additional ligands (ammonia, chloride or bromide), resulting in a pentagonal bipyramidal coordination sphere that is also commonly adopted by the uranyl cation [UO(L)] (L, ligand).

Rerefinement of the crystal structure of tri-chlorido-sulfonium-(IV) hexa-chlorido-uranate(V), (SCl)[UCl].

Single crystals of tri-chlorido-sulfonium-(IV) hexa-chlorido-uranate(V) were obtained from the reaction of uranium(IV) chloride with an excess of disulfur dichloride and studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. In comparison with the structure model reported previously [Sawodny (1983 ▸). , 81-88.

Binary Lead Fluoride Pb F.

The binary lead fluoride Pb F was synthesized by the reaction of anhydrous HF with Pb O or by the reaction of BrF with PbF . The compound was characterized by single-crystal and powder X-ray diffraction, IR, Raman, and solid-state MAS F NMR spectroscopy, as well as thermogravimetric analysis, XP and near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy. Solid-state quantum-chemical calculations are provided for the vibrational analyses and band assignments.

A Revised Structure Model for the UCl Structure Type, Novel Modifications of UCl and UBr , and a Comment on the Modifications of Protactinium Pentabromides.

The redetermination of the crystal structure of trigonal UCl , which is the eponym for the UCl structure type, showed that certain atomic coordinates had been incorrectly reported. This led to noticeably different U-Cl distances within the octahedral UCl molecule (2.41 and 2.

Targeting Vacancies in Nitridosilicates: Aliovalent Substitution of M (M=Ca, Sr) by Sc and U.

Based on the known linking options of their fundamental building unit, that is the SiN tetrahedron, nitridosilicates belong to the inorganic compound classes with the greatest structural variability. Although facilitating the discovery of novel Si-N networks, this variability represents a challenge when targeting non-stoichometric compounds. Meeting this challenge, a strategy for targeted creation of vacancies in highly condensed nitridosilicates by exchanging divalent M for trivalent M using the ion exchange approach is reported.

Nasal angiosarcoma metastatic to the larynx: Case report and systematic review of the literature.

Background: Laryngeal angiosarcoma is rare and the prognosis is poor. The purpose of this study was to describe the first case of cutaneous angiosarcoma metastatic to the larynx and systematically review all cases of laryngeal angiosarcoma.

Methods: A 61-year-old man presented with an alar lesion diagnosed as angiosarcoma and was treated with wide local resection and radiation.

Treatment eligibility in Alaska Native and American Indian persons with hepatitis C virus infection.

Objectives: Treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin may prevent progression of liver disease among patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection (HCV). Treatment initiation is based on published clinical eligibility criteria, patients' willingness to undergo treatment and likelihood of success. We examined treatment eligibility in a cohort of Alaska Native and American Indian persons with chronic HCV infection.

Cystic adventitial disease of the common femoral vein.

Cystic adventitial disease of blood vessels is a rare condition, more so when veins are involved. We report the case of a 36-year-old man who was referred to us after an intraoperative diagnosis of a left common femoral vein mass. This patient, who had a history of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, had presented to an outside facility with recurrent left lower extremity pain and swelling.

Azathioprine metabolite measurements are not useful in following treatment of autoimmune hepatitis in Alaska Native and other non-Caucasian people.

Background: In autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) patients treated with azathioprine, the utility of measuring thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT) and azathioprine metabolites has been limited.

Objective: To evaluate the association between TPMT genotype and enzyme activity, and the impact of TPMT enzyme activity on levels of azathioprine metabolites and leukopenia to assess the clinical utility of monitoring azathioprine metabolites in Alaska Native and other non-Caucasian AIH patients.

Methods: Individuals with AIH were recruited at the Alaska Native Medical Center (Alaska, USA) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (Texas, USA).

Factors associated with the progression of fibrosis on liver biopsy in Alaska Native and American Indian persons with chronic hepatitis C.

Background: Various factors influence the development and rate of fibrosis progression in chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Objectives: To examine factors associated with fibrosis in a longterm outcomes study of Alaska Native/American Indian persons who underwent liver biopsy, and to examine the rate of fibrosis progression in persons with subsequent biopsies.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of the demographic, inflammatory and viral characteristics of persons undergoing liver biopsy compared individuals with early (Ishak fibrosis score of lower than 3) with those with advanced (Ishak score of 3 or greater) fibrosis.

S100, HMB-45, and Melan-A negative primary melanoma.

The diagnosis of malignant melanoma can be challenging given the wide variation in morphologic features and immunohistochemical stains are often used to confirm the diagnosis. We report a case of melanoma with loss of staining for S100 protein, HMB-45, and Melan-A, with retained expression of tyrosinase. Regional lymph node metastases showed positive S100 protein staining.

Factors predictive of significant hepatic fibrosis in adults with chronic hepatitis B and normal serum ALT.

Goal: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of significant liver fibrosis among patients with immunotolerant hepatitis B.

Background: Adults with chronic hepatitis B infection acquired early in life often have normal serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and high serum hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid loads (HBV DNA), known as "immunotolerant" hepatitis B.

Study: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 28 hepatitis B patients with serum HBV DNA titer >10 copies/mL, positive hepatitis B envelope antigen, and persistently normal serum ALT in a tertiary care setting.

Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein co-evolutionary dynamics during chronic hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) envelope glycoprotein co-evolution was studied in 14 genotype 1-infected and treatment-naive subjects, including 7 with mild and 7 with severe liver disease. Cassettes encoding the envelope 1 gene (E1) and hypervariable region (HVR1) of the envelope 2 gene were isolated at 38 different time points over 81 follow-up years. There were no significant differences in age, gender, alcohol use, or viral load between the mild and severe disease groups.

Clinical significance of elevated alpha-fetoprotein in Alaskan Native patients with chronic hepatitis C.

The clinical significance of elevated serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is not well defined. We analysed data from a population-based cohort of patients with HCV infection to assess the prevalence of elevated serum AFP, to determine its association with clinical and virologic parameters and with clinical outcomes. We defined a slightly elevated serum AFP level as 8 to <15 and a high-AFP level as > or =15 microg/L.

Hepatitis C virus dynamics during natural infection are associated with long-term histological outcome of chronic hepatitis C disease.

Background: The long-term dynamics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and their association with hepatitis C disease are unknown.

Methods: Fifty-two treatment-naive subjects with chronic HCV genotype 1 infection were selected from the Alaska Natives and American Indians cohort. Viral RNA levels were measured in 223 specimens (mean, 4.

The microvasculature in cutaneous wound healing in the female red Duroc pig is similar to that in human hypertrophic scars and different from that in the female Yorkshire pig.

The female red Duroc pig has been found to be a promising model of hypertrophic scarring. The female Yorkshire pig has been demonstrated to heal in a very different manner, more resembling human normotrophic scarring. Given these observations, we studied microvessel density, an important aspect of wound healing, in human hypertrophic scars and the scars of the female Duroc and Yorkshire pigs.

Correlation of clinical outcome of integra application with microbiologic and pathological biopsies.

Background: Integra, a dermal replacement template consisting of bovine collagen, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and a silastic sheet is a postexcisional treatment for deep partial to full thickness burns where autograft is limited. This study correlates Integra histology and quantitative microbiology cultures with clinical outcomes after autografting.

Methods: Charts of 29 burn patients who underwent Integra treatment and neodermis biopsy at the time of ultra thin autografting were reviewed.

Diagnostic accuracy of a fibrosis serum panel (FIBROSpect II) compared with Knodell and Ishak liver biopsy scores in chronic hepatitis C patients.

Liver biopsy is the primary method of assessing liver injury in hepatitis C patients. FIBROSpect II (FS), a diagnostic panel of three extracellular matrix remodelling markers, may be useful as a noninvasive alternative to this procedure. The purpose of this study was to correlate FS results with liver fibrosis scores to determine if this test is sufficiently accurate to be a viable alternative to liver biopsy.