The circle of life: end-of-life care and death rituals for Hmong-American elders.

The Hmong are an ethnic minority from Southeast Asia who constitute a growing U.S. population.

Hmong shamanism. Animist spiritual healing in Minnesota.

Hmong cultural attitudes, values, and behaviors influence when, where, why, and with whom a Hmong person will use Western medicine. Understanding the practices and importance of Hmong healing traditions will help majority-culture physicians provide respectful and effective health care to Hmong patients. The foremost Hmong traditional healer is the shaman (tu txiv neeb, pronounced "too tse neng").