Exploring the potential role of financial interventions to improve the health of families impacted by incarceration.

Purpose Of Review: To summarize the impact of financial hardship on children whose parents have been incarcerated, describe both existing cash transfer and guaranteed income programs, and highlight their impact on child and family well being.

Recent Findings: Emerging data on guaranteed income programs for formerly incarcerated adults indicates that the funds improve recipient health and legal system outcomes and allow participants to spend funds on stabilizing themselves and their families. Guaranteed income programs in the broader population similarly highlight the use of funds to support families' basic needs and improved parent-child relationships, but more data are needed to understand the impact on child health and well being among families impacted by the criminal legal system.

Parents' Adverse and Positive Childhood Experiences and Offspring Involvement With the Criminal Legal System.

Importance: Intergenerational cycles of adversity likely increase one's risk of criminal legal system involvement, yet associations with potential contributors, such as parents' adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and positive childhood experiences (PCEs), have not been explored.

Objective: To investigate the association of parents' ACEs and PCEs with their adult children's involvement in US legal systems, from arrest to conviction.

Design, Setting, And Participants: The study team analyzed data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), a nationally representative cohort study of families in the US.

Child Maltreatment.

Child maltreatment is associated with significant morbidity, and prevention is a public health priority. Given evidence of interpersonal and structural racism in child protective service assessment and response, equity must be prioritized for both acute interventions and preventive initiatives aimed at supporting children and their families. Clinicians who care for children are well positioned to support families, and the patient-centered medical home, in collaboration with community-based services, has unique potential as a locus for maltreatment prevention services.

Exploring Parental Incarceration, US Government Support Programs, and Child Health and Well-Being: A National Cross-Sectional Study.

Objectives: To describe relationships between parental incarceration and child health and flourishing-a measure of curiosity, resilience, and self-regulation-and to identify government programs that moderate this relationship.

Methods: Using the National Survey of Children's Health data from 2016 through 2019 for children 6-17 years old, we estimated associations with logistic regression between parental incarceration and overall health and flourishing, adjusting for child, caregiver, and household factors. We secondarily examined physical health (asthma, headaches), mental health (attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression), developmental needs (learning disability, special educational plan use), and educational (missing ≥11 school days, repeated grade) outcomes.

Neighborhood Incarceration Rates and Adverse Birth Outcomes in New York City, 2010-2014.

Importance: The US has high rates of adverse birth outcomes, with substantial racial disparities augmented by stress and neighborhood disadvantage. Black people are more likely to live in neighborhoods with high rates of incarceration, which is a source of both stress and neighborhood disadvantage and, thus, may contribute to adverse birth outcomes.

Objective: To determine whether neighborhoods with high incarceration rates also have higher rates of adverse birth outcomes compared with neighborhoods with lower rates.

United States Youth Arrest and Health Across the Life Course: A Nationally Representative Longitudinal Study.

Background: Youth are arrested at high rates in the United States; however, long-term health effects of arrest remain unmeasured. We sought to describe the sociodemographic characteristics and health of adults who were arrested at various ages among a nationally representative sample.

Methods: Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we describe sociodemographics and health status in adolescence (Wave I, ages 12-21) and adulthood (Wave V, ages 32-42) for people first arrested at age younger than 14 years, 14 to 17 years, and 18 to 24 years, compared to never arrested adults.

The Association Between Racial Discrimination, Race, and Social Class With Health Among US Children.

Objectives: To assess the association between racial discrimination, race and ethnicity, and social class with child health and unmet health care needs among children in the United States (US).

Methods: We used a nationally representative sample of children aged 0 to 17 from the 2018-2019 National Survey of Children's Health. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression were used to test associations between measures of discrimination, social class (income, employment, and education), and race and ethnicity with overall child health and unmet health care needs controlling for covariates identified a priori.

Disparities in School Referrals for Agitation and Aggression to the Emergency Department.

Objectives: Describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of children presenting to the emergency department (ED) for agitation and aggression from school versus other sites.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study of children 5 to 18 years old who were evaluated in an urban tertiary care pediatric ED with a chief complaint of agitation or aggression. We examined demographics, disposition, and payments for children presenting from school versus other sites.

Poverty Related Education in Pediatrics: Current State, Gaps and Call to Action.

Children are the poorest age group in our country, with 1 in 6, or 12 million, living in poverty. This sobering statistic became even more appalling in spring 2020 when COVID-19 magnified existing inequities. These inequities are particularly important to pediatricians, because poverty, along with racism and other interrelated social factors, significantly impact overall child health and well-being.

Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Physical Restraint Use for Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department.

This cross-sectional study explores the use of physical restraint on youth at risk of harming themselves or others in the emergency department, stratified by race and ethnicity.

Addressing Child Mental Health by Creating a National Minimum Age for Juvenile Justice Jurisdiction.

In August 2020, in the midst of a national conversation about racism in the United States, news of a Black eight-year-old boy being arrested for sitting improperly in the school cafeteria spread through the country. Body-camera footage showed police attempting to place the boy in handcuffs that slipped from his wrists before they took him to a juvenile detention facility where he was charged with felony battery. The boy's mother and lawyer reported that following arrest, he experienced somatic and trauma symptoms, including headaches, nightmares, and insomnia.

A Trainee-Led Social Media Advocacy Campaign to Address COVID-19 Inequities.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a significant impact on the health of people globally. Yet, not all people are being affected by this crisis equally. In the United States, this pandemic has exacerbated long-standing inequities and entrenched structural racism.

Health Equity Rounds: An Interdisciplinary Case Conference to Address Implicit Bias and Structural Racism for Faculty and Trainees.

Introduction: The medical community recognizes the importance of confronting structural racism and implicit bias to address health inequities. Several curricula aimed at teaching trainees about these issues are described in the literature. However, few curricula exist that engage faculty members as learners rather than teachers of these topics or target interdisciplinary audiences.

Using the Modified Delphi Method to Develop a Tool to Assess Pediatric Residents Supervising on Inpatient Rounds.

Background: Consensus about behaviors that define effective supervision by residents of more junior trainees on pediatric inpatient rounds is lacking.

Objective: Use modified Delphi method to develop a checklist of essential supervisory behaviors pediatric residents demonstrate while leading inpatient, non-ICU, nonspecialty teaching rounds and pilot the checklist.

Design/methods: One hundred and forty-one initial candidate behaviors were identified through literature review and narrowed by local stakeholders.