Depoliticising disaster response in a politically saturated context: the case of the 2016-19 droughts in Zimbabwe.

Responding to disasters triggered by natural hazards is a deeply political process, but it is usually presented by practitioners as an apolitical endeavour. This is striking when disasters occur in authoritarian and politically highly polarised conflict-affected settings. Although the literature provides leads as to why and how humanitarians depoliticise aid, there has been little empirical research on the implications of depoliticisation, especially at the community level.

Humanitarian governance and resilience building: Ethiopia in comparative perspective.

Humanitarian governance is usually understood according to the classic, Dunantist paradigm that accords central importance to international humanitarian agencies. However, this is increasingly paralleled by 'resilience humanitarianism' that focuses, among other things, on including national actors in humanitarian governance. This article views humanitarian governance as emerging through interactions between authorities, implementing agencies and communities.

Resistance to Encephalitozoon intestinalis is associated with interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 cytokines in infected mice.

The understanding of the immunopathology of infections caused by microsporidia has pinpointed the importance of T cell-mediated immunity. The immunopathology caused by the interesting protozoan parasite Encephalitozoon intestinalis, a microsporidium pathogenic in man, is not clearly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that a specific cellular immune response is implicated in the control of microsporidiosis infection in mice.

[Fixation and immunological reactivity of parasitic protozoa in sol-gel matrices].

Parasitic protozoa have been entrapped within sol-gel silica matrices. Stationary phase promastigote cells of Leishmania donovani infantum are mixed with a silicon alkoxide solution. They remain trapped within the growing oxide network formed upon hydrolysis and condensation of the alkoxide.

Expression of HIV antigens at the surface of infected T4 cells: immunoelectron microscopic evidence of an immunogenic phase prior to the viral release.

HIV antigens were detected by immunoelectron microscopy at the surface of human and simian T4 lymphocytes that had been infected in vitro. HIV antigens were detected at the surface of cells exhibiting viral particles but also at the surface of cells before the release of virions. The latter cells may be considered immunogenic since they are capable of triggering specific immune responses without the cytopathic effects due to viral release.

Persistent HIV-2 infection of rhesus macaque, baboon, and mangabeys.

Six monkeys of three different species (mangabey, macaque and baboon) were infected with human immunodeficiency type 2 (HIV-2) NIH-DZ using intraperitoneal or intravenous injections of cell-free HIV-2 or autologous HIV-2-infected cells with no prior immunostimulation. Viral expression was demonstrated by reverse transcriptase activity in cells after coculture with human peripheral blood lymphocytes or by electron microscopy. Serum was analyzed by western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (detection of antigen and antibody), and neutralization assay carried out using immunofluorescence techniques.

Use of Old World monkeys for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome research.

Mangabeys, macaques, and baboons persistently infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-2 NIH-DZ demonstrated no signs of immunodeficiency disease after 6-11 months following seroconversion. Thus Old World monkeys provide an animal model to investigate the effects of passive immunization (anti-HIV-2 antibodies) on HIV infection in primates.

Cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus in T4 cells is linked to the last stage of virus infection.

A principal feature of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is depletion of T4 lymphocytes, which is partly due to a direct cytopathic effect of the virus. Both syncytial formation (viral-induced cell fusion) and premature cell death have been cited as the major cause for this phenomenon. By kinetic analysis of cell proliferation and cell lysis we show that the cytopathic effect correlates chiefly with virus production from infected cells, including giant syncytial cells.

A group specific anamnestic immune reaction against HIV-1 induced by a candidate vaccine against AIDS.

The first experimental immunization of humans against the AIDS retrovirus, HIV-1, was started in a series of HIV seronegative, healthy volunteers in November 1986. For the primary vaccination recombinant vaccinia virus (V25) expressing the complete gp160 env protein of the HTLV-IIIB strain of HIV-1 was introduced by scarification. This elicited a weak primary response which we subsequently attempted to enhance by additional immunizations (boosting), using four different immunization protocols.

Occurrence of a new microsporidan: Enterocytozoon bieneusi n.g., n. sp., in the enterocytes of a human patient with AIDS.

A new microsporidium is reported infesting the enterocytes of a Haitian patients with AIDS. The stages observed were diplokaryotic cells, sporogonial plasmodia, unikaryotic sporoblasts, and spores. Neither a sporophorous vesicle (pansporoblastic membrane) nor parasitophorous vacuole were differentiated around the developmental stages, which were in direct contact with the host cell cytoplasm.

Diarrhoea and malabsorption in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: a study of four cases with special emphasis on opportunistic protozoan infestations.

Chronic diarrhoea is frequent in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) but has been poorly investigated so far. We report four patients with AIDS in whom diarrhoea and malabsorption were outstanding features, and who underwent extensive digestive investigations. Diarrhoea was a presenting symptom in all subjects and was of secretory type in three of them.

[Some African gregarines (Ivory Coast, Gaboon) (author's transl)].

We study in the present paper two collections of Gregarines (all parasite of terrestrial arthropods) from the Ivory Coast and the Gaboon. Among the 17 species studied, three are new for science: Gregarina darchenae, Gregarina pycnoceri and Gigaductus africanus. The other species have been already found in closely related hosts.

[Gregarines from South Korea (author's transl)].

Study of 14 species of Gregarines from terrestrial arthropods (Myriapoda and Insecta) of south Korea. Some of them (Ramicephalus ozakii, Gregarina monoducta, Hoplorhynchus ozakii, Stylocephalus bahli) are typically asiatic whereas the others were already described from identical or similar european hosts.

[Spiriopsis adipophila Arvy and Peters 1972 (=Spirinella edipophila Arvy and Delage 1966), parasite of Ephemeroptera, is a sporozoan].

The occurrence of micronemes and paraglycogen in the cytoplasm of Spiriopsis adipophila (Arvy and Delage 1966) Arvy and Peters 1972, incites us to consider this parasite of Ephemeroptera larvae as the infesting stage of a Sporozoon. It could be in fact a new member of the Barrouxiidae, a family of Coccidia parasitic in Insects and Centipedes which are characterized by the production of monozoic spores.