Greater maintenance of bone mineral content in male than female athletes and in sprinting and jumping than endurance athletes: a longitudinal study of bone strength in elite masters athletes.

Unlabelled: We investigated longitudinal changes in tibia bone strength in master power (jumping and sprinting) and endurance (distance) athletes of both sexes. Bone mass but not cross-sectional moment of inertia was better maintained in power than endurance athletes over time, particularly in men and independent of changes in performance.

Objective: Assessment of effects of sex and athletic discipline (lower limb power events, e.

Greater tibial bone strength in male tennis players than controls in the absence of greater muscle output.

Background/objective: The greatest forces experienced by bones result from muscular contractions-muscles produce most force in high-velocity eccentric contractions. Bouncing movements, e.g.

Health-related quality of life and physical activity in children and adolescents 2 years after an inpatient weight-loss program.

Objectives: To investigate changes in health-related quality of life (HRQOL), body mass index (BMI), physical activity, and sedentary behavior at 24 months after an inpatient weight-loss program and to examine correlations between changes in HRQOL and BMI or physical activity.

Study Design: This prospective study included 707 overweight and obese individuals (mean age, 14 ± 2 years; 57% girls) participating in a 4- to 6-week inpatient weight-loss program, 381 of whom completed a 24-month follow-up. HRQOL, physical activity, sedentary behavior, and BMI were assessed at baseline, at discharge, and at 6, 12, and 24 months after starting therapy.

The cardio-metabolic risk of moderate and severe obesity in children and adolescents.

Objective: To compare the cardio-metabolic risk profile between moderately obese and severely obese children and adolescents.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study involving 463 obese 6- to 19-year-olds who were referred to an inpatient weight-loss program. Anthropometric data were assessed and fasting blood samples were analyzed for lipid and glucose metabolism, adipokines, and inflammatory markers.

An inpatient lifestyle-change programme improves heart rate recovery in overweight and obese children and adolescents (LOGIC Trial).

Background: Impaired heart rate recovery (HRR) is a strong predictor of overall mortality and cardio-metabolic risk. This study aimed at investigating (1) the effect of participation in a lifestyle-change programme for weight loss on HRR in overweight and obese children and (2) potential associations between the changes in one minute HRR (HRR1) and fitness, weight loss and cardio-metabolic risk.

Methods: The analysis included 429 individuals (169 boys) aged 13.

Long-term effects of an inpatient weight-loss program in obese children and the role of genetic predisposition-rationale and design of the LOGIC-trial.

Background: The prevalence of childhood obesity has increased worldwide, which is a serious concern as obesity is associated with many negative immediate and long-term health consequences. Therefore, the treatment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents is strongly recommended. Inpatient weight-loss programs have shown to be effective particularly regarding short-term weight-loss, whilst little is known both on the long-term effects of this treatment and the determinants of successful weight-loss and subsequent weight maintenance.

Objectively measured physical activity and fat mass in children: a bias-adjusted meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Background: Studies investigating the prevention of weight gain differ considerably in design and quality, which impedes pooling them in conventional meta-analyses, the basis for evidence-based policy making. This study is aimed at quantifying the prospective association between measured physical activity and fat mass in children, using a meta-analysis method that allows inclusion of heterogeneous studies by adjusting for differences through eliciting and incorporating expert opinion.

Methods: Studies on prevention of weight gain using objectively measured exposure and outcome were eligible; they were adopted from a recently published systematic review.

Dietary energy density and adiposity: employing bias adjustments in a meta-analysis of prospective studies.

Background: Dietary studies differ in design and quality making it difficult to compare results. This study quantifies the prospective association between dietary energy density (DED) and adiposity in children using a meta-analysis method that adjusts for differences in design and quality through eliciting and incorporating expert opinion on the biases and their uncertainty.

Method: Six prospective studies identified by a previous systematic literature search were included.

A proposed method of bias adjustment for meta-analyses of published observational studies.

Objective: Interpretation of meta-analyses of published observational studies is problematic because of numerous sources of bias. We develop bias assessment, elicitation and adjustment methods, and apply them to a systematic review of longitudinal observational studies of the relationship between objectively measured physical activity and subsequent change in adiposity in children.

Methods: We separated internal biases that reflect study quality from external biases that reflect generalizability to a target setting.

Effects of smoking on tibial and radial bone mass and strength may diminish with age.

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of cigarette smoking on indicators of bone strength across a wide age range, controlling for physical activity and neuromuscular performance.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study with 41 smokers (mean age +/- SD, 41.0 +/- 16.

Forearm and tibial bone measures of distance- and sprint-trained master cyclists.

Purpose: Cycling is very popular; however, it is often believed to be associated with below average bone mass. This study compared bone measures of sprint- and distance-trained cyclists competing at World Master Track Championships, along with sedentary controls (30-82 yr), and examined the associations of bone measures with age.

Methods: Radius and tibia epiphyseal and shaft bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), and cross-sectional area along with shaft polar moment of resistance (RPol) and endocortical/periosteal circumferences were assessed by peripheral quantitative computed tomography.

Bone loss from the human distal tibia epiphysis during 24 days of unilateral lower limb suspension.

Bone loss during immobilization is well documented. Currently, the only means of studying this in human beings is bed rest, which is resource intensive and inconvenient for the subjects. Unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) has been suggested as an alternative, but has not previously been demonstrated to cause bone loss.