The cadmium tolerance development of poplar callus is influenced by silicon.

Cadmium-tolerant plants were studied for their possible usage in phytoremediation techniques. However, their response to cadmium cations at a cellular level has not been properly studied. Silicon is a beneficial element that seems to change the plant's response to the Cd presence.

The effects of IBA on the composition of maize root cell walls.

Auxin is one of the crucial plant hormones which stimulates and controls cell and plant growth. The effects of auxin IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) during 10-days on maize plants growth in controlled conditions (hydroponic, 16-h photoperiod, 70% humidity, 25/20 °C temperature), depended on its concentration in the substrate. A high concentration (10 M) of IBA inhibited root growth, evoked the development of apoplasmic barriers (Casparian bands and suberin lamellae) closer to the root apex, and elevated the amount of lignin in roots.

The response of maize protoplasts to cadmium stress mitigated by silicon.

The aim of this article was to evaluate the viability of maize protoplasts, cell wall regeneration, Cd uptake by protoplasts, and the impact of silicon under cadmium cations (Cd) stress in two maize hybrids with contrasting tolerances to Cd toxicity. The differences in protoplast viability between the sensitive (Novania) and tolerant (Almansa) hybrids were noticeable even at the beginning of culture. The percentage of living protoplasts in the presence of Cd was higher in the tolerant hybrid.

Maize shoot cell walls under cadmium stress.

The composition of shoot cell walls of two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.), the sensitive Novania and the tolerant Almansa, both after cadmium treatment was studied. Previous results showed a smaller effect of cadmium on shoot physiological parameters (e.

Inhibition of phospholipases influences the metabolism of wound-induced benzylisoquinoline alkaloids in Papaver somniferum L.

Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs) are important secondary plant metabolites and include medicinally relevant drugs, such as morphine or codeine. As the de novo synthesis of BIA backbones is (still) unfeasible, to date the opium poppy plant Papaver somniferum L. represents the main source of BIAs.

Impact of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides and Cd stress on maize root growth parameters, morphology, and structure.

Biologically active oligosaccharides, including galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs), affect plant growth and development. The impact of GGMOs is dependent on their concentration, and the plant species and plant parts affected. The aim of this article is to ascertain the effects of GGMOs, GGMOs + Cd, on growth parameters, morphology, and the structure of maize (Zea mays L.

Cadmium impact, accumulation and detection in poplar callus cells.

Effect of cadmium cations and their interaction with silicon cations was determined in poplar calli and expressed as changes in callus growth, cell viability and cadmium cation accumulation. Cell viability throughout culture versus cadmium cation accumulation in cells is discussed. At the same time, the study sought appropriate methods for cadmium cation detection in callus cells and also in experiments with low plant material (e.

Impact of cadmium stress on two maize hybrids.

Some physiological parameters and composition of the root cell walls of two maize hybrids (monocots), the sensitive Novania and the tolerant Almansa were studied after treatment with cadmium cations. After 10 days of Cd treatment (1 × 10 M and 5 × 10 M), plant growth inhibition, in the sensitive hybrid in particular, as well as a certain alteration in root structure and pigment content were observed. The Cd accumulation was ten times higher in the roots than in the shoots.

Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin involves changes in flavonoid accumulation.

Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) are signalling molecules originating from plant cell walls influencing plant growth and defence reactions. The present study focused on their interaction with exogenous IAA (indole-3-acetic acid). GGMOs acted as auxin antagonists and diminished the effect of IAA on Arabidopsis primary root growth.

Yeasts associated with an abandoned mining area in Pernek and their tolerance to different chemical elements.

Four plants, Cirsium arvense (creeping thistle), Equisetum arvense (field horsetail), Oxalis acetosella (wood sorrel) and Phragmites australis (common reed), which grew in an abandoned Sb-mining area in Pernek (Malé Karpaty Mts., Slovakia), were investigated for the yeast species. Yeasts were isolated from both the leaves of the plants and the soil adjacent to the plants.

Cadmium translocation by contractile roots differs from that in regular, non-contractile roots.

Background And Aims: Contractile roots are known and studied mainly in connection with the process of shrinkage of their basal parts, which acts to pull the shoot of the plant deeper into the ground. Previous studies have shown that the specific structure of these roots results in more intensive water uptake at the base, which is in contrast to regular root types. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the basal parts of contractile roots are also more active in translocation of cadmium to the shoot.

Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides alleviate cadmium stress in Arabidopsis.

Our study focused on the mediatory role of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) in plant protection against cadmium stress, examined mainly on the primary root growth of Arabidopsis thaliana. The application of GGMOs diminished the negative effect of cadmium on root length, root growth dynamics and also on photosynthetic pigment content. We tested the hypothesis that the effect of GGMOs is associated with decreased cadmium accumulation or its modified distribution.

Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides are assumed to affect tracheary element formation via interaction with auxin in Zinnia xylogenic cell culture.

Galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides seem to interact with auxin in xylogenic cell culture, thus influencing mainly metaxylem-like tracheary element differentiation depending on timing with hormones and the process kinetics. Complex mapping of Zinnia mesophyll cell transdifferentiation into tracheary elements with or without prior cell division was documented after palisade and spongy parenchyma cell immobilization during the first 4 days of culture. Here, we report a positive effect of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides on cell viability and density and higher metaxylem-like tracheary element formation in xylogenic cell culture.

How do galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides regulate cell growth in epidermal and cortical tissues of mung bean seedlings?

Biologically active galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) alone or in combination with IBA stimulate primary root elongation and inhibit hypocotyl elongation in mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) seedlings. For a more detailed view of GGMOs effect in these processes, the present work is focused on cell growth in selected tissues (epidermis and primary cortex) and on xylem formation.

An easy method for cutting and fluorescent staining of thin roots.

Background And Aims: Cutting plant material is essential for observing internal structures and may be difficult for various reasons. Most fixation agents such as aldehydes, as well as embedding resins, do not allow subsequent use of fluorescent staining and make material too soft to make good-quality hand-sections. Moreover, cutting thin roots can be very difficult and time consuming.

Cadmium induces hypodermal periderm formation in the roots of the monocotyledonous medicinal plant Merwilla plumbea.

Background And Aims: Merwilla plumbea is an important African medicinal plant. As the plants grow in soils contaminated with metals from mining activities, the danger of human intoxication exists. An experiment with plants exposed to cadmium (Cd) was performed to investigate the response of M.

Interaction of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides with auxin in mung bean primary root.

In the present paper timing of galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) with exogenously added indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) action on early germination stage (24 h) and primary root elongation of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) has been studied. GGMOs inhibited primary root elongation induced by low concentration (10(-8) M) of IBA.

Pectate hydrolases of parsley (Petroselinum crispum) roots.

The presence of various enzyme forms with terminal action pattern on pectate was evaluated in a protein mixture obtained from parsley roots. Enzymes found in the soluble fraction of roots (juice) were purified to homogeneity according to SDS-PAGE, partially separated by preparative isoelectric focusing and characterized. Three forms with pH optima 3.

Galactoglucomannans increase cell population density and alter the protoxylem/metaxylem tracheary element ratio in xylogenic cultures of Zinnia.

Xylogenic cultures of zinnia (Zinnia elegans) provide a unique opportunity to study signaling pathways of tracheary element (TE) differentiation. In vitro TEs differentiate into either protoxylem (PX)-like TEs characterized by annular/helical secondary wall thickening or metaxylem (MX)-like TEs with reticulate/scalariform/pitted thickening. The factors that determine these different cell fates are largely unknown.

Changes in glycosidase activities during galactoglucomannan oligosaccharide inhibition of auxin induced growth.

The inhibition of 2,4-D-induced elongation growth by galactoglucomannan oligosaccharides (GGMOs) in pea stem segments (Pisum sativum L. cv. Tyrkys) after 18 h of incubation results in changes of extracellular, intracellular and cell wall glycosidase activities (beta-D-glucosidase, beta-D-mannosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-xylosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, and alpha-L-arabinosidase).

An acetylated galactoglucomannan from Picea abies L. Karst.

A water-soluble galactoglucomannan composed of D-galactose, D-glucose, and D-mannose in 1:3:17 mole proportion has been isolated from the secondary cell walls of Picea abies L. Karst. About 33% of the polysaccharide units were substituted by acetyl groups.