Unveiling the potential: Extracellular vesicles from plant cell suspension cultures as a promising source.

Extracellular vesicles are secreted by all eukaryotic cells and they have an important role in intercellular signaling. Plant extracellular vesicles (PEVs) are a novel area of research that has gained attention due to their potential implications in biomolecule transport and therapeutic applications. PEVs are lipid bilayer-enclosed structures that contain a diverse cargo of biomolecules such as proteins and lipids.

Extracellular vesicles derived from human foreskin cells (hFS-Exo) accelerate cell migration and angiogenesis through MAPK pathway: an in vitro study.

Background: Wound healing is one of the important processes in the body. Attempts to create new drugs are of interest due to the side effects of natural and chemical wound healing compounds. To overcome this obstacle, stem cells have been used as healing agents.

Surface coating materials regulates the attachment and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cell derived embryoid bodies into mesoderm at culture conditions.

Abstract: Pluripotent stem cells as a promising cell source with unlimited proliferation and differentiation capacity hold great promise for cell-based therapies in regenerative medicine. Establishment of appropriate culture conditions might enable the control of cellular fate decision in cell culture. Transfer of three-dimensional (3D) embryoid bodies to two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture systems for initiation of cell differentiation and specialization requires an adaptation of cells which can be managed by extracellular matrix (ECM) materials.

Protective role of Cytoglobin and Neuroglobin against the Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in Leydig cells ex vivo.

Leydig cells are responsible for testosterone production in male testis upon stimulation by luteinizing hormone. Inflammation and oxidative stress related Leydig cell dysfunction is one of the major causes of male infertility. Cytoglobin (CYGB) and Neuroglobin (NGB) are two globin family member proteins which protect cells against oxidative stress.

Human ESC-derived Neuromesodermal Progenitors (NMPs) Successfully Differentiate into Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs).

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), as an adult stem cell type, are used to treat various disorders in clinics. However, derivation of homogenous and adequate amount of MSCs limits the regenerative treatment potential. Although mesoderm is the main source of mesenchymal progenitors during embryonic development, neuromesodermal progenitors (NMPs), reside in the primitive streak during development, is known to differentiate into paraxial mesoderm.

Organoids in Tissue Transplantation.

Improvements in stem cell-based research and genetic modification tools enable stem cell-based tissue regeneration applications in clinical therapies. Although inadequate cell numbers in culture, invasive isolation procedures, and poor survival rates after transplantation remain as major challenges, cell-based therapies are useful tools for tissue regeneration.Organoids hold a great promise for tissue regeneration, organ and disease modeling, drug testing, development, and genetic profiling studies.

Feeder-Dependent/Independent Mouse Embryonic Stem Cell Culture Protocol.

Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) were first derived and cultured nearly 30 years ago and have been beneficial tools to create transgenic mice and to study early mammalian development so far. Fibroblast feeder cell layers are often used at some stage in the culture protocol of mESCs. The feeder layer-often mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs)-contribute to the mESC culture as a substrate to increase culture efficiency, maintain pluripotency, and facilitate survival and growth of the stem cells.

Apelin Receptor Signaling Protects GT1-7 GnRH Neurons Against Oxidative Stress In Vitro.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulates stress response in the body and abnormal increase in oxidative stress contributes to the various disease pathogenesis. Although hypothalamic distribution of Apelin receptor (APLNR) has been studied, the potential regulatory role in hormone releasing function of hypothalamus in response to stress is not well elucidated yet. To determine whether APLNR is involved in the protection of the hypothalamus against oxidative stress, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells were used as an in vitro model system.

Apelin Receptor Signaling During Mesoderm Development.

The Apelin receptor (Aplnr) is a G-protein coupled receptor which has a wide body distribution and various physiological roles including homeostasis, angiogenesis, cardiovascular and neuroendocrine function. Apelin and Elabela are two peptide components of the Aplnr signaling and are cleaved to give different isoforms which are active in different tissues and organisms.Aplnr signaling is related to several pathologies including obesity, heart disases and cancer in the adult body.

Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells into Pancreatic β-Cells.

Stem cells having the capability to differentiate into other type of cells and renewing themselves, gained so much importance in recent years. Investigations in stem cells revealed that mesenchymal stem cells can successfully differentiate into other type of cells like adipocytes, hepatocytes, osteocytes, neurocytes and chondrocytes. In addition, these cells can also differentiate into insulin-producing beta cells.

Boron containing compounds promote the survival and the maintenance of pancreatic β-cells.

Diabetes mellitus is worldwide disease. The life of diabetic patients are dependent on exogenous insulin. Pancreas or particularly islet transplantations are performed for reducing external insulin dependency.