Facial artificial intelligence in ophthalmology and medicine: fundamental and transformative applications.

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly in the domain of facial processing tasks, has witnessed substantial growth in the 21st century. However, this requires sufficient appraisal for clinicians and researchers to adequately understand nomenclature and key concepts commonly used in this field. This article aims to elucidate the diverse applications of facial processing tasks, such as facial landmark extraction, face detection, face tracking, facial expression recognition and action unit detection, and their relevance to ophthalmology and other medical specialties.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration: disease pathogenesis and current state of molecular biomarkers predicting treatment response-a scoping review.

Age-related macular degeneration is a major cause of blindness, and the development of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) intravitreal treatments has revolutionised the management of the disease. At the same time, new challenges and unmet needs arose due to the limitations of the current therapeutic options. Neovascularisation development during the course of the disease has a complex pathogenetic mechanism, and several biomarkers and their association with treatment outcomes have been investigated.

Anti-inflammatory treatment after selective laser trabeculoplasty: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

We assessed the effects of anti-inflammatory treatment after selective laser trabeculoplasty through a systematic search of the MEDLINE, COCHRANE, and ClinicalTrials.gov. The outcome measures were intraocular pressure, anterior chamber inflammation, and discomfort.

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factors in combination with vitrectomy for complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

Background: Vitrectomy is an established treatment for the complications of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). However, a number of complications can occur during and after vitrectomy for PDR. These include bleeding and the creation of retinal holes during surgery, and bleeding, retinal detachment and scar tissue on the retina after surgery.

Vitamin D and tension-type headache: causal association or epiphenomenon?

: Low serum vitamin D (VD) has been already associated with a series of highly prevalent pain-related conditions, including fibromyalgia, migraine and chronic widespread pain. Considering the potential interplay between VD and pain signalling pathways, the association of VD with tension-type headache (TTH) was reviewed. : A multifaceted narrative approach assessing the relationship of serum VD with TTH and TTH parameters, as well as the efficacy of VD supplementation for the prevention of TTH, was fostered.

Intraocular Tamponade Choice with Vitrectomy and Internal Limiting Membrane Peeling for Idiopathic Macular Hole: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Topic: A variety of different tamponade agents are used with vitrectomy combined with internal limiting membrane (ILM) peeling for the treatment of idiopathic macular holes. These agents include air, gas (sulfur hexafluoride [SF], hexafluoroethane [CF], and perfluoropropane [CF]), and silicone oil. The optimal tamponade agent is uncertain, and we aimed to review the effect of tamponade choice on hole closure and visual outcomes.

Intravitreal bevacizumab prior to vitrectomy for proliferative diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review.

Background: Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of visual loss in the working population. Pars plana vitrectomy has become the mainstream treatment option for severe proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) associated with significant vitreous haemorrhage and/or tractional retinal detachment. Despite the advances in surgical equipment, diabetic vitrectomy remains a challenging operation, requiring advanced microsurgical skills, especially in the presence of tractional retinal detachment.

Phacoemulsification outcomes and complications in vitrectomised versus non-vitrectomised eyes.

: Pars plana vitrectomy techniques have evolved in the recent years and the number of patients undergoing phacoemulsification for post-vitrectomy cataract has increased. Eye-care practitioners need to be aware of intraoperative complications and post-operative outcomes in previously vitrectomised eyes.: The aim of the present study is to compare the outcomes and related complications of phacoemulsification in previously vitrectomised versus non-vitrectomised eyes.

Visual Acuity Outcomes after Phacoemulsification in Eyes with Good Visual Acuity before Cataract Surgery.

Objective: to analyse cataract surgery outcomes and related factors in eyes presenting with good visual acuity.

Subject And Methods: A retrospective longitudinal study of patients undergoing phacoemulsification between 2014 and 2018 in Moorfields Eye Hospital was conducted. Pre- and post-operative visual acuities were analysed.

Serum lipid abnormalities in migraine: A meta-analysis of observational studies.

Background: The association of migraine with vascular comorbidities is long-established. The contribution of the "traditional" cardiovascular risk factors to this connection remains unclear.

Objective: To determine-quantify the differences in the serum lipid concentrations between lipid-lowering agents-naïve individuals with migraine and healthy controls (HC).

Accelerated, Pulsed Collagen Cross-Linking versus the Dresden Protocol in Keratoconus: A Case Series.

Purpose: The aim of our study was to compare the depth of the demarcation line developing in the cornea after the standard Dresden protocol versus the accelerated, pulsed, epithelium-off corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL).

Methods: This was a nonrandomized, retrospective case series. Patients with progressive keratoconus were treated with either the standard Dresden protocol (Group 1) or accelerated, epithelium-off CXL using the Avedro (Waltham, MA, USA) device (Group 2).

In-the-bag toric intraocular lens implantation in the case of an anterior capsule tear: a case series.

Purpose: To analyze the outcomes of in-the--bag toric intraocular lens implantation for anterior capsular tears during phacoemulsification.

Methods: The cohort of this re-trospective, consecutive, interventional case series included eight patients. One patient was excluded as the tear was used to enlarge the rhexis.

Anterior segment approach for the surgical management of aqueous misdirection syndrome.

We describe the surgical management of the aqueous misdirection syndrome through clear corneal incisions. A 20-gauge microvitreoretinal blade is used to create 2 side-port incisions. The same blade is inserted through the cornea and the iris for the main incision; it is then directed toward the center of the eyeball, passing through the zonular fibers to the vitreous cavity behind the pupil.

Ranibizumab in the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Review of the Current Status, Unmet Needs, and Emerging Challenges.

Diabetic retinopathy (more specifically diabetic macular edema, DME) is the most common cause of loss of vision in the working population in developed countries. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents considerably changed the treatment algorithms and improved prognosis of center-involving DME. Ranibizumab was the first approved anti-VEGF agent that revolutionized DME treatment.