Orthodontic referrals: why do GDPs get it wrong?

Aim &objectives A clinical audit was carried out to assess suitability of orthodontic referrals at Kings College Hospital Orthodontic Department with the objective to investigate the reasons and seek solutions to inappropriate orthodontic referrals.Design and setting Prospective audits of consecutive new patient referrals to the King's College Hospital Orthodontic department diagnostic teaching clinics.Methodology Two hundred and twenty-eight patients referred to the orthodontic diagnostic teaching clinics over a 5-month period were assessed.

The Erasmus programme for postgraduate education in orthodontics in Europe: an update of the guidelines.

In 1989, the ERASMUS Bureau of the European Cultural Foundation of the Commission of the European Communities funded the development of a new 3-year curriculum for postgraduate education in orthodontics. The new curriculum was created by directors for orthodontic education representing 15 European countries. The curriculum entitled 'Three years Postgraduate Programme in Orthodontics: the Final Report of the Erasmus Project' was published 1992.

Epidermal growth factor released in human dental pulp following orthodontic force.

This study investigated the role of human epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the angiogenic response of the dental pulp to orthodontic force. The release of angiogenic growth factor EGF in human dental pulp following orthodontic force application was examined using neutralizing antibody anti-human (anti-h) EGF to block its effects. The dental pulps from 10 premolar teeth from 10 patients (equal numbers of males and females aged 11-14 years), treated with a straightwire fixed appliance for 2 weeks and extracted for orthodontic reasons, were divided vertically, and sections from each half-pulp were individually co-cultured with a section of rat aorta in collagen surrounded by growth media.

Undergraduate orthodontic teaching in UK dental schools.

Aims And Objectives: This paper assesses the current teaching of undergraduate orthodontics in UK dental schools and the changes these courses have undergone in the last three years.

Method: Questionnaires were e-mailed to the undergraduate orthodontic course leaders in each of the UK dental schools. Twelve dental schools agreed to participate in the survey.

Vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor 2, platelet derived growth factor and transforming growth factor beta released in human dental pulp following orthodontic force.

Objective: The release of four diffusible angiogenic growth factors in human dental pulp following orthodontic force was investigated by using neutralising growth factor antibodies (NAs), individually and in four different combinations to block their effects. This study investigated if increasing the number of NAs (anti h vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), anti h fibroblast growth factor (FGF2), anti h platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) and anti Transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)) in combination resulted in a progressive reduction of the angiogenic response of the pulp.

Materials And Methods: The dental pulps from two groups of 40 premolar teeth, four teeth from each of 20 patients treated with fixed appliances for 2 weeks, were divided vertically, and sections from each half pulp co-cultured with sections of rat aorta in collagen.

Angiogenic growth factors released in human dental pulp following orthodontic force.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate if a combination of five diffusible angiogenic growth factors were released in human dental pulp during orthodontic force application, by using growth factor neutralising antibodies (NAs) to block their effects.

Materials And Methods: Dental pulps from 18 premolar teeth treated with orthodontic fixed appliances for 2 weeks were divided vertically, and each half pulp further sectioned and co-cultured with a section of rat aorta in collagen surrounded by growth media. NAs (anti-h VEGF, anti-h FGF2, anti-h PDGF, anti-TGFbeta and anti-h EGF) were added to the media of the co-cultures from one half of each pulp from 10 teeth.

Enhanced angiogenesis induced by diffusible angiogenic growth factors released from human dental pulp explants of orthodontically moved teeth.

The aim of this study was to determine if diffusible angiogenic growth factors were released in human dental pulp during orthodontic tooth movement. These factors, if diffusible, could induce angiogenesis in other tissues, and may then be isolated and identified. The pulps from 14 premolar teeth treated with straight wire fixed orthodontic appliances for 2 weeks were compared with those of 14 untreated control premolar teeth from the same subjects.

Angiogenesis in human dental pulp following orthodontic tooth movement.

The pulpal response to orthodontic force is thought to involve cell damage, inflammation, and wound healing. These situations are likely to be associated with the release of angiogenic growth factors. We therefore investigated human dental pulps to determine if angiogenic changes could be detected after orthodontic force application.

A cephalometric study to compare the effects of cervical traction and Andresen therapy in the treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion. Part 2--Dentoalveolar changes.

Absolute distal movement of upper first molars together with distal tipping, but no significant extrusion, occurred with cervical traction. Distal movement of the maxillary first molars was more stable in the group where maxillary 2nd molars had been extracted. With Andresen treatment a restraining effect took place on the upper molars, while mesial movement of the lower first molars contributed to correction of the molar relationship.

A cephalometric study to compare the effects of cervical traction and Andresen therapy in the treatment of Class II division 1 malocclusion. Part 1--Skeletal changes.

Lateral cephalometric radiographs at the beginning of treatment, end of active treatment, and post-treatment of 30 Andresen and 40 cervical traction patients were analysed, and compared with those of a control group of 22 untreated cases. The cervical traction group was divided into a non-extraction group and an extraction of maxillary second molars group. A clinically significant reduction of ANB was achieved, mainly by mandibular changes in the Andresen group and by maxillary changes in the cervical traction groups.