The association between primary antiretroviral resistance and HAART virologic failure in a developing set.

Santos is a Brazilian port city with high HIV incidence, high primary antiretroviral resistance levels, high HIV-1 BF recombinants prevalence, and high rates of antiretroviral virologic failure. We evaluated factors related to virologic failure after 48 weeks of HAART in this population. We compared demographic and HIV profiles among 43 individuals with virologic failure (group 1) and 37 with virologic success (group 2) after 48 weeks of HAART initiation.

Short communication: high polymorphism rates in the HR1 and HR2 gp41 and presence of primary resistance-related mutations in HIV type 1 circulating in Brazil: possible impact on enfuvirtide efficacy.

We analyzed the gp41 sequences of 80 HIV-infected enfuvirtide-naive individuals who were eligible to receive this antiretroviral according to Brazilian guidelines. We analyzed the genetic diversity of pol and the heptad repeat 1 and 2 (HR1 and HR2) regions of gp41, and compared the genetic profile of HR1 and HR2 found in PBMCs with the profile found in plasma. The similarity between sequences obtained from DNA and RNA in the HR1 and HR2 regions was, on average, 98.

HIV type 1 diversity from newly diagnosed patients in Santos metropolitan area/Brazil.

HIV-1 from infected subjects has been characterized in order to provide a more accurate view of the strains that are currently found in a given region. In this report, we focused on characterizing the pol gene diversity obtained from newly diagnosed patients in Santos metropolitan area, Brazil. This region is composed of nine cities and an international port.

Profiling resistance-related mutations in the protease region of the pol gene: single genome sequencing of HIV in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Genotypic resistance is currently assessed through direct sequencing, which cannot detect resistant strains below 20%. We compared the genotypic resistance profile of virions and proviruses using population-based analysis and single genome sequencing of the protease region of the pol gene in samples collected from five individuals in whom indinavir monotherapy resulted in treatment failure. Single genome sequencing showed that not all strains present the same resistance mutations, which can be dispersed across different HIV genomes.

HIV type 1 pol gene diversity and antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in Santos, Brazil.

HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance mutations in subtype B, F, and recombinants B/F in Santos, Brazil were characterized. We studied 83 samples from individuals enrolled at the Brazilian HIV/AIDS programs from Santos. These patients have been treated with multiantiretroviral therapy.

Full-length genome analysis of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype C in Brazil.

The most prevalent HIV-1 clade in the global epidemics is C, and this clade is also becoming important in the Brazilian epidemics. In this study, we characterized HIV-1 subtype C variants by sequencing their near full-length genomes. DNA was extracted from six samples previously classified in our laboratory as subtype C on the basis of partial genome sequencing.

Identification of two HIV type 1 circulating recombinant forms in Brazil.

Recombination is an important way to generate genetic diversity. Accumulation of HIV-1 full-length genomes in databases demonstrated that recombination is pervasive in viral strains collected globally. Recombinant forms achieving epidemiological relevance are termed circulating recombinant forms (CRFs).

Analysis of full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genome reveals a variable spectrum of subtypes B and f recombinants in São Paulo, Brazil.

Recombination is one of the major mechanisms contributing to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) variability. Analysis of pol gene sequences of 215 HIV-1 samples from São Paulo, Brazil classified 189 sequences as subtype B (87.9%), 8 sequences as subtype F (3.

Analysis of the protease sequences of HIV-1 infected individuals after Indinavir monotherapy.

Background: Protease inhibitors (PI) are an important HIV-1 treatment tool. The HIV-1 genetic diversity as a result of antiretroviral exposure is a potential barrier to successful antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives: To describe the impact of the selective pressure of the PI Indinavir in the protease region of the pol gene of HIV-1.