[Different concentration of lidocaine used for an exodontia of the impacted mandibular third molar].

Purpose: To investigate the anesthesia outcomes of 1% lidocaine with 1∶100 000 epinephrine (EPI) for inferior alveolar nerve, lingual nerve and buccal nerve block, compared with 2% lidocaine with 1∶100 000 EPI.

Methods: A study with a cross-over design, with each patient also serving as their own control, was implemented to estimate the clinical outcomes. Predictor variable was 1% lidocaine with 1∶100 000 EPI versus 2% lidocaine with 1∶100 000 EPI.

Simultaneous saccharification and high titer lactic acid fermentation of corn stover using a newly isolated lactic acid bacterium Pediococcus acidilactici DQ2.

A lactic acid bacterium with high tolerance of temperature and lignocellulose derived inhibitor was isolated and characterized as Pediococcus acidilactici DQ2. The strain used in the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) for high titer lactic acid production at the high solids loading of corn stover. Corn stover was pretreated using the dry sulphuric acid pretreatment, followed by a biological detoxification to remove the inhibitors produced in the pretreatment.

A simplified filter paper assay method of cellulase enzymes based on HPLC analysis.

A simplified filter paper assay (FPA) method of cellulase enzymes was proposed based on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) measurement. The method was according to the sum of glucose and cellobiose concentrations measured by HPLC that was able to be correlated with filter paper units (FPU) of the cellulase enzymes assayed by the traditional FPA method, regardless of the differences in the sources, activities, and components of the cellulases. This simple and quick assay method for the cellulase enzymes provided another parameter of the ratio of glucose to cellobiose (G/C ratio) representing the capacity of cellulase enzymes degrading cellulose into fermentable monomeric sugars.

Dry pretreatment of lignocellulose with extremely low steam and water usage for bioethanol production.

Two rarely noticed but important parameters of the dilute sulfuric acid pretreatment of lignocellulose biomass, the feedstock filling ratio to the pretreatment reactor and the solids/liquid presoaking ratio, were extensively studied. The effects of the two parameters on the steam consumption, waste water generation, and pretreatment efficiency were investigated. At the full filling ratio and high solids/liquid presoaking ratio, this "dry" pretreatment method provided at least the following advantages: (1) the steam consumption was significantly reduced; (2) no aqueous acid containing waste water was generated; (3) high solids content of the pretreated materials were obtained and the consequent saccharification and fermentation was carried out at high solids loading easily.

[Process strategy for ethanol production from lignocellulose feedstock under extremely low water usage and high solids loading conditions].

The massive water and steam are consumed in the production of cellulose ethanol, which correspondingly results in the significant increase of energy cost, waster water discharge and production cost as well. In this study, the process strategy under extremely low water usage and high solids loading of corn stover was investigated experimentally and computationally. The novel pretreatment technology with zero waste water discharge was developed; in which a unique biodetoxification method using a kerosene fungus strain Amorphotheca resinae ZN1 to degrade the lignocellulose derived inhibitors was applied.

Utilization of dry distiller's grain and solubles as nutrient supplement in the simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation at high solids loading of corn stover.

Dry distiller's grain and solubles (DDGS) is a major by-product of corn-based ethanol production and is usually used as animal feed. Here, it was added to the simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation (SSF) carried out at high solids loading of steam explosion pretreated corn stover using a mutant strain Saccharomyces cerevisiae DQ1. The performance of SSF process with DDGS was comparable to those using the expensive yeast extract supplementation.

Simultaneous saccharification and ethanol fermentation at high corn stover solids loading in a helical stirring bioreactor.

The higher ethanol titer inevitably requires higher solids loading during the simultaneous enzymatic saccharification and fermentation (SSF) using lignocellulose as the feedstock. The mixing between the solid lignocellulose and the liquid enzyme is crucially important. In this study, a bioreactor with a novel helical impeller was designed and applied to the SSF operation of the steam explosion pretreated corn stover under different solids loadings and different enzyme dosages.