Methods to increase fruit and vegetable intake with and without a decrease in fat intake: compliance and effects on body weight in the nutrition and breast health study.

Dietary patterns that involve a decrease in fat and an increase in fruit and vegetable (FV) intake have been suggested to decrease cancer risks. In this study, intervention methods to selectively modify dietary fat and/or FV intakes were developed. Compliance to the diets and the effects on body weight are shown, because both of these dietary changes can impact on and be confounded by changes in energy intake.

Effect of participant motivation on rapid dietary changes in an intervention trial.

Background: Dietary intervention research with free-living subjects relies on the ability of study participants to meet their dietary goals within the study timeframe. Little is known about underlying factors affecting compliance.

Method: Here, we examined whether motivation to enroll in a trial of low-fat and/or energy-reduced diets influenced the ability of healthy women to reach their dietary goals quickly.

Comparison of dietary assessment methods in a low-fat dietary intervention program.

The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is commonly utilized for assessment of dietary fat intake, but its validity among individuals following a low-fat diet is unclear. We evaluated the agreement of nutrient estimates derived from FFQ, 24-h recall, and 3-day food records obtained from 104 participants in a randomized trial of a low-fat dietary intervention for women at elevated breast cancer risk. Comparisons were made for total calories, percent calories from fat, and total fat after 1 yr.

Effect of low-fat and/or low-energy diets on anthropometric measures in participants of the women's diet study.

Objective: To compare the effects of low-fat, low-energy and combination low-fat/low-energy intervention on changes in six anthropometric measures in Caucasian and African-American free-living women.

Methods: The effects of dietary counseling strategies for fat and/or energy reduction were examined on anthropometric measures in 86 pre-menopausal women, average BMI of 28 kg/m2, who participated in a 12-week intervention trial called the Women's Diet Study. The dietary goals were 15% of energy from fat and/or 25% reduction in energy intake, relative to reported baseline intake, using a 2 x 2 factorial design.

A clinical trial to selectively change dietary fat and/or energy intake in women: the Women's Diet Study.

Dietary fat and energy intake have been implicated in breast cancer etiology. To examine the relative importance of these dietary factors on markers of cancer risk in women, we designed an intervention trial to selectively decrease fat and/or energy intake in free-living, premenopausal women who were somewhat overweight. The study used a 2 x 2 factorial design to evaluate the independent and interactive effects of dietary fat and energy.

The effect of the prone position on pulmonary mechanics is frame-dependent.

Unlabelled: By compressing the abdomen and restricting chest wall movement, the prone position compromises pulmonary compliance. For spine surgery, placing the anesthetized patient into the prone position increases the risk of improper ventilation. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the compromise in pulmonary compliance is related to the patient's body habitus and the surgical frame used to support the patient while in the prone position.

Oxidative DNA damage levels in blood from women at high risk for breast cancer are associated with dietary intakes of meats, vegetables, and fruits.

Objective: We examined the relationship between intakes of specific foods--namely, meats, vegetables, and fruits--with levels of oxidative DNA damage in women consuming their own usual diet or a diet low in fat.

Design: Blood was obtained from women who had been assigned randomly to a low-fat or nonintervention diet for 3 to 24 months. Levels of 5-hydroxymethyluracil, a type of oxidative DNA damage, were determined.

A randomized trial of a low-fat dietary intervention in women at high risk for breast cancer.

A randomized intervention trial of dietary fat reduction to 15% of total calories was initiated in 1987 for women at high risk for breast cancer to determine the feasibility of recruiting and maintaining them on a low-fat diet. The study has enrolled 194 women between the ages of 18 and 67 years who met at least one of three eligibility criteria: 1) a first-degree relative with breast cancer, 2) a P2 or DY Wolfe mammographic pattern, and 3) a prior breast biopsy demonstrating epithelial hyperplasia with or without atypia. Eligible women must also have had diets that contained > or = 30% of calories from fat at entry.

Dietary and anthropometric determinants of plasma lipoproteins during a long-term low-fat diet in healthy women.

Long-term (1 y) effects of dietary fat intake on lipoprotein metabolism were determined in 72 healthy women receiving either a 15%-fat diet (n = 34) or usual diet (n = 38). Every three months food records, weight, waist-hip ratio (W:H), percent body fat, fasting plasma triglyceride, cholesterol (C), high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), HDL2-C, and HDL3-C; apolipoprotein B and A-I, and postheparin lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic triglyceride lipase activities were determined. In one year, the low-fat-diet (LFD) group had 17% and the non-intervention-diet group had 36% dietary fat.

Defective CD2 pathway T cell activation in systemic lupus erythematosus.

CD2 (T11; sheep erythrocyte receptor) is the surface component of an alternative, antigen-independent pathway of human T cell activation. The response to certain anti-CD2 antibodies is relatively independent of accessory cell signals and therefore provides a direct measurement of T cell function. The CD2 pathway may be important in the differentiation of thymocytes, on which the expression of CD2 precedes the appearance of the CD3-T cell receptor complex.

Regulation of the IL-2 receptor alpha-gene. Interaction of a kappa B binding protein with cell-specific transcription factors.

The IL-2R alpha enhancer contains an 11 bp sequence that resembles kappa B, a regulatory element associated with several genes, including Ig kappa-L chain and human immunodeficiency virus. Although nuclear factor of the kappa-enhancer in B cells (NF-kappa B) binding is activated by PMA, TNF-alpha, and IL-1, activation of the IL-2R alpha enhancer does not consistently correlate with NF-kappa B induction. In this report, we show that TNF-alpha activates NF-kappa B and the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in the Jurkat T leukemia but does not stimulate the IL-2R alpha enhancer.

The human interleukin-2 receptor: normal and abnormal expression in T cells and in leukemias induced by the human T-lymphotropic retroviruses.

The human receptor for interleukin-2 (T-cell growth factor) plays a critical role in the growth of T cells and is required for full expression of the normal immune response. Through hybridoma and recombinant DNA techniques, the interleukin-2 receptor protein has been biochemically characterized and purified; full-length copies of its complementary DNA have been molecularly cloned, sequenced, and expressed in eukaryotic cells; and the receptor gene has been characterized. Transient expression of the interleukin-2 receptor gene occurs during normal T-cell activation, and high- and low-affinity forms of the membrane receptor exist.

The human interleukin-2 receptor: analysis of structure and function.

Considerable information presently exists regarding the molecular, biochemical, and biological features of the human IL-2 receptor. The IL-2 receptor protein, multiple receptor mRNAs, and a single structural gene have now been identified. The important role of this receptor in normal T-cell growth is well established and its potential participation in B-cell growth and differentiation appreciated.

Only high-affinity receptors for interleukin 2 mediate internalization of ligand.

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptors are expressed on activated T cells and in select T-cell leukemias. Recently, it has been demonstrated that at least two classes of receptor for IL-2 exist with markedly different affinities for ligand. All known biological actions of IL-2 have been correlated with occupancy of high-affinity sites; the function of the low-affinity sites remains unknown.

Structure of the human interleukin-2 receptor gene.

The gene encoding the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) receptor consists of 8 exons spanning more than 25 kilobases on chromosome 10. Exons 2 and 4 were derived from a gene duplication event and unexpectedly also are homologous to the recognition domain of human complement factor B. Alternative messenger RNA (mRNA) splicing may delete exon 4 sequences, resulting in a mRNA that does not encode a functional IL-2 receptor.

Interleukin 2 receptor gene expression in normal human T lymphocytes.

We have used cDNAs for the human interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor to study IL-2 receptor gene expression in normal activated T cells. Resting T cells do not contain detectable IL-2 receptor mRNA. Within 1 hr after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a large, presumably nuclear precursor RNA species is seen, which then gradually disappears.

Isolation and expression of complementary DNAs encoding the human interleukin 2 receptor.

Complementary DNAs corresponding to the human receptor for interleukin 2 (IL-2) have been molecularly cloned, sequenced, and expressed in COS-1 cells. The human genome appears to contain a single structural gene for this receptor; however, when transcribed at least two messenger RNAs (mRNAs) are produced which vary in length due to the use of different polyadenylation signals. Sequence analysis of the cloned complementary DNAs indicates an alternate pathway of mRNA processing for this receptor.

Interleukin 2 receptor (Tac antigen) expression in HTLV-I-associated adult T-cell leukemia.

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a lymphokine synthesized by some T-cells following activation. Resting T-cells do not express IL-2 receptors, but receptors are rapidly expressed on T-cells following interaction of antigens, mitogens, or monoclonal antibodies with the antigen-specific T-cell receptor complex. Using anti-Tac, a monoclonal antibody that recognizes the IL-2 receptor, the receptor has been purified and shown to be a Mr 33,000 peptide that is posttranslationally glycosylated to a Mr 55,000 mature form.

Qualitative analysis of immune function in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Evidence for a selective defect in soluble antigen recognition.

We studied purified subpopulations of lymphocytes from patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in order to determine whether intrinsic defects in lymphocyte function, aside from those due to alterations in lymphocyte numbers, were present. Mitogen-stimulated DNA synthesis, production of gamma interferon, production of interleukin-2, and expression of interleukin-2 receptors, although variably decreased in unseparated cell populations, were normal in populations of purified T-cell subsets. In contrast, DNA synthesis in response to the soluble protein antigen tetanus toxoid was decreased in both unseparated and purified T-cell subpopulations.

Stable expression of cDNA encoding the human interleukin 2 receptor in eukaryotic cells.

Human interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor cDNA derived from HUT 102B2 cells was stably expressed in murine L cells. These L cell transfectants (a) displayed surface receptors of the aberrant size of the IL-2 receptors on HUT 102B2 cells, (b) did not respond to exogenous IL-2 with augmented proliferation, and (c) expressed low affinity but not high affinity receptors for IL-2.

Deregulation of interleukin-2 receptor gene expression in HTLV-I-induced adult T-cell leukemia.

Infection of human T cells by human T-lymphotropic virus, type I (HTLV-I), a retrovirus, is uniformly associated with the constitutive expression of large numbers of cellular receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2). Comparison with normal T cells shows that neither IL-2 receptor gene organization nor IL-2 receptor messenger RNA processing are altered in the leukemic cells. However, mitogenic stimuli activate IL-2 receptor gene expression in normal T cells, whereas these stimuli paradoxically inhibit IL-2 receptor gene transcription in HTLV-I-infected leukemic T cells.

Sequential expression of genes involved in human T lymphocyte growth and differentiation.

Nuclear transcription assays were performed with isolated nuclei from human peripheral blood T lymphocytes stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and phorbol myristate acetate to determine the kinetics of transcriptional activity of various genes occurring in T cell activation. Although silent in resting T cells, the genes encoding c-myc and the interleukin 2 (IL-2) receptor were induced early, preceding gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), IL-2, and transferrin receptor gene transcription. Transcriptional activity of these genes fell after their respective peaks, indicating that the expression of these genes is a transient event during T cell activation.

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) augments transcription of the IL-2 receptor gene.

We demonstrate that purified interleukin 2 (IL-2) can directly upregulate IL-2 receptor expression on phytohemagglutinin-activated T lymphocytes maintained in culture until IL-2 receptor expression had markedly declined. The IL-2-induced increase in IL-2 receptor number is maximal within 12 hr, requires new RNA and protein synthesis, and is mediated by an interaction of ligand with the high-affinity receptors for IL-2. IL-2 stimulation results in increased accumulation of IL-2 receptor mRNA within 4 hr, while an increase in IL-2 receptor gene transcription is detected within 30 min in isolated nuclei.