Antimicrobial Resistance, Virulence Properties and Genetic Diversity of Typhimurium Recovered from Domestic and Imported Seafood.

The quantity of seafood imported and produced by domestic aquaculture farming has increased. Recently, it has been reported that multidrug-resistant (MDR) Typhimurium may be associated with seafood. However, information is limited to the antimicrobial resistance, virulence properties, and genetic diversity of recovered from imported and domestic seafood.

The mobile gene cassette carrying tetracycline resistance genes in strain Ah5S-24 isolated from catfish pond sediments shows similarity with a cassette found in other environmental and foodborne bacteria.

is a Gram-negative bacterium ubiquitously found in aquatic environments. It is a foodborne pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans and hemorrhagic septicemia in fish. In the present study, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to evaluate the presence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and virulence genes found in Ah5S-24 isolated from catfish pond sediments in South-East, United States.

Prevalence and Abundance of Bacterial Pathogens of Concern in Shrimp, Catfish and Tilapia Obtained at Retail Stores in Maryland, USA.

Outbreaks of human gastroenteritis have been linked to the consumption of contaminated domestic and imported seafood. This study investigated the microbiological quality of seafood obtained from retail stores on the Eastern Shore of Maryland. A total of 440 samples of domestic and imported frozen shrimp, catfish and tilapia samples were analyzed for aerobic plate count (APC), total coliforms, and seafood-borne-pathogens (, ).

Nested Spatial and Temporal Modeling of Environmental Conditions Associated With Genetic Markers of in Washington State Pacific Oysters.

The Pacific Northwest (PNW) is one of the largest commercial harvesting areas for Pacific oysters () in the United States. , a bacterium naturally present in estuarine waters accumulates in shellfish and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. Growers, consumers, and public-health officials have raised concerns about rising vibriosis cases in the region.

Risk Assessment of Norovirus Illness from Consumption of Raw Oysters in the United States and in Canada.

Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States and Canada. Bivalve molluscan shellfish is one commodity commonly identified as being a vector of NoV. Bivalve molluscan shellfish are grown in waters that may be affected by contamination events, tend to bioaccumulate viruses, and are frequently eaten raw.

A case-control analysis of traceback investigations for Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections (vibriosis) and pre-harvest environmental conditions in Washington State, 2013-2018.

Background: Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. It is naturally prevalent in brackish waters and accumulates in shellfish. Vibriosis cases are rising globally, likely due to rising temperatures.

A systematic review of post-harvest interventions for Vibrio parahaemolyticus in raw oysters.

Background: Non-cholera Vibrio bacteria are a major cause of foodborne illness in the United States. Raw oysters are commonly implicated in gastroenteritis caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In response to outbreaks in 1997-1998, the US Food and Drug Administration developed a nation-wide quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA) of V.

Associations of Environmental Conditions and Genetic Markers in Washington State Pacific Oysters.

is a naturally occurring bacterium in estuarine waters and is a major cause of seafood-borne illness. The bacterium has been consistently identified in Pacific Northwest waters and elevated illness rates of vibriosis in Washington State have raised concerns among growers, risk managers, and consumers of Pacific oysters (). In order to better understand pre-harvest variation of in the region, abundance of total and potentially pathogenic strains of the bacterium in a large number of Washington State Pacific oyster samples were compared with environmental conditions at the time of sampling.

Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay: Operational Prediction and Forecast Models Can Benefit from Inclusion of Lagged Water Quality Measurements.

is a leading cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis. Given its natural presence in brackish waters, there is a need to develop operational forecast models that can sufficiently predict the bacterium's spatial and temporal variation. This work attempted to develop prediction models using frequently measured time-indexed and -lagged water quality measures.

Efficacy of Vibrio parahaemolyticus depuration in oysters (Crassostrea gigas).

This study investigated the influences of seawater to oyster ratio on depuration for decontaminating V. parahaemolyticus in raw oysters with a goal of identifying the proper ratio of oyster to seawater capable of improving the efficacy of the depuration process. The water to oyster ratios tested in this study ranged from 1.

Characterization of the Microbiota of Oyster Larvae (Crassostrea virginica) and Tank Water from an Aquaculture System with High and Low Larval Survival Rates.

Aquaculture plays an increasingly important role in the growing demand for seafood. Hatchery production of oyster larvae is an integral component of oyster farming, providing single seed for off-bottom farming or larvae for setting on larger substrates for on-bottom farming. Larvae from certain tanks in an established aquaculture enterprise were dying from an unknown etiologic agent.

Seafood pathogens and information on antimicrobial resistance: A review.

Seafood-borne diseases are a major public health hazard in the United States and worldwide. Per capita, seafood consumption has increased globally during recent decades. Seafood importation and domestic aquaculture farming has also increased.

Environmental Determinants of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in the Chesapeake Bay.

naturally occurs in brackish and marine waters and is one of the leading causes of seafood-borne illness. Previous work studying the ecology of has often been limited in geographic extent and lacked a full range of environmental measures. This study used a unique large data set of surface water samples in the Chesapeake Bay ( = 1,385) collected from 148 monitoring stations from 2007 to 2010.

Microbiomes of American Oysters () Harvested from Two Sites in the Chesapeake Bay.

In this study, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicons to describe the bacterial microbiota associated with oysters () and seawater collected from two sites in the Chesapeake Bay. The dominant bacterial groups included those belonging to the order , family , and genus The microbiomes varied among oysters from the same site and between the two sites and months.

Meta-Analysis of the Reduction of Norovirus and Male-Specific Coliphage Concentrations in Wastewater Treatment Plants.

Human norovirus (NoV) is the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States and Canada. Wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents impacting bivalve mollusk-growing areas are potential sources of NoV contamination. We have developed a meta-analysis that evaluates WWTP influent concentrations and log10 reductions of NoV genotype I (NoV GI; in numbers of genome copies per liter [gc/liter]), NoV genotype II (NoV GII; in gc/liter), and male-specific coliphage (MSC; in number of PFU per liter), a proposed viral surrogate for NoV.

Occurrence and distribution of Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus--potential roles for fish, oyster, sediment and water.

Unlabelled: Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are Gram-negative marine bacteria naturally found in estuaries such as the Gulf of Mexico and can be pathogenic to humans. We quantified both of these organisms in fish, oyster, sediment, and water using culture-independent (quantitative PCR; qPCR) and culture-dependent (direct plating-colony hybridization; DP-CH) techniques during the transition period between winter and spring. We correlated these levels to environmental conditions and to abundance of total bacteria and total vibrio.

Comparison of plating media for recovery of total and virulent genotypes of Vibrio vulnificus in U.S. market oysters.

Vibrio vulnificus is the leading cause of seafood associated mortality in the United States and is generally associated with consumption of raw oysters. Two genetic markers have emerged as indicators of strain virulence, 16S rDNA type B (rrnB) and virulence correlated gene type C (vcgC). While much is known about the distribution of V.

Clam-associated vibriosis, USA, 1988-2010.

Infections with Vibrio spp. have frequently been associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs, especially oysters, but illness associated with clams has also been well documented. We describe the 2312 domestically acquired foodborne Vibrio infections reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system from 1988 to 2010.

Development and validation of a predictive model for the growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in post-harvest shellstock oysters.

Information is limited about the growth and survival of naturally-occurring Vibrio parahaemolyticus in live oysters under commercially relevant storage conditions harvested from different regions and in different oyster species. This study produced a predictive model for the growth of naturally-occurring V. parahaemolyticus in live Eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) harvested from the Chesapeake Bay, MD, USA and stored at 5-30 °C until oysters gapped.

Short-term plasticity of human spinal inhibitory circuits after isometric and isotonic ankle training.

The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent one session of isotonic and isometric ankle dorsi and plantar flexion training induces changes in the frequency-dependent depression of the soleus H-reflex. Further, adaptation of reciprocal Ia inhibition exerted from tibialis anterior flexor group I afferents on soleus motoneurons, and presynaptic inhibition of Ia afferent terminals induced by a conditioning afferent volley following stimulation of the antagonist nerve were established with subjects seated before and after training. The soleus H-reflexes evoked at the inter-stimulus intervals of 1, 2, 3, 5, and 8 s were normalized to the mean amplitude of the H-reflex evoked every 10 s.

Biochemical, serological, and virulence characterization of clinical and oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates.

In this study, 77 clinical and 67 oyster Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates from North America were examined for biochemical profiles, serotype, and the presence of potential virulence factors (tdh, trh, and type III secretion system [T3SS] genes). All isolates were positive for oxidase, indole, and glucose fermentation, consistent with previous reports. The isolates represented 35 different serotypes, 9 of which were shared by clinical and oyster isolates.

Comparison of molecular detection methods for Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus.

Pathogenic vibrios are a global concern for seafood safety and many molecular methods have been developed for their detection. This study compares several molecular methods for detection of total and pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus, in MPN enrichments from oysters and fish intestine samples. This study employed the DuPont Qualicon BAX® System Real-Time PCR assay for detection of V.