Latest developments of generative artificial intelligence and applications in ophthalmology.

The emergence of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various fields. In ophthalmology, generative AI has the potential to enhance efficiency, accuracy, personalization and innovation in clinical practice and medical research, through processing data, streamlining medical documentation, facilitating patient-doctor communication, aiding in clinical decision-making, and simulating clinical trials. This review focuses on the development and integration of generative AI models into clinical workflows and scientific research of ophthalmology.

Willingness to pay for cataract surgery in baiyin district, northwestern China.

Purpose: To investigate willingness to pay for cataract surgery, and its associations, in Northwestern China.

Methods: Four hundred thirty-eight persons aged 50 years and above, diagnosed with cataract indicated for surgery, identified in an outreach screening program were included. Subjects were offered a willingness-to-pay interview for the maximal amount that the subjects would be willing to pay for a cataract surgery.

Chronic ocular hypertension in rabbits induced by limbal buckling.

Aim: To establish a rabbit model of chronic ocular hypertension (OHT) by limbal buckling.

Methods: Eighteen New Zealand White rabbits were involved and divided into three groups. A latex encircling band of 20, 25 or 35 mm was implanted behind the limbus in the right eye of each animal.

Prevalence of visual impairment and outcomes of cataract surgery in Chaonan, South China.

Purpose: To estimate the prevalence and causes of blindness and visual impairment (VI), and report the outcomes of cataract surgery in Chaonan Region, Guangdong Province, southern China.

Design: Cross-sectional population-based survey.

Participants: A total of 3484 participants including 1397 men (40.

Frequency doubling technology perimetry for detection of visual field progression in glaucoma: a pointwise linear regression analysis.

Purpose: We compared the detection of visual field progression and its rate of change between standard automated perimetry (SAP) and Matrix frequency doubling technology perimetry (FDTP) in glaucoma.

Methods: We followed prospectively 217 eyes (179 glaucoma and 38 normal eyes) for SAP and FDTP testing at 4-month intervals for ≥36 months. Pointwise linear regression analysis was performed.

Frequency-doubling technology perimetry for detection of the development of visual field defects in glaucoma suspect eyes: a prospective study.

Importance: While standard automated perimetry (SAP) remains the reference standard for evaluation of visual field (VF) defects in glaucoma, this study demonstrates that frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry is effective in monitoring visual field progression and may detect the onset of visual field defects earlier than SAP.

Objectives: To compare detection of the development of VF defects, rate of change of VF loss, and risk factors for progression between SAP and matrix FDT perimetry in glaucoma suspect and ocular hypertensive eyes.

Design, Setting, And Participants: A total of 113 glaucoma suspect and ocular hypertensive eyes from 76 patients with normal SAP and FDT perimetry results at baseline were prospectively followed up for SAP and FDT perimetry testing at approximately 4-month intervals for 30 months or longer.

Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: interpreting the RNFL maps in healthy myopic eyes.

Purpose: To investigate the association between the distribution profile of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) bundles and myopia and its impact on interpretation of the RNFL map imaged by a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT).

Methods: the RNFL of 189 myopic eyes from 103 normal healthy myopic participants was imaged by an SD-OCT. The angle between the long axes of the superotemporal and inferotemporal RNFL bundles determined in the RNFL thickness map (the RNFL distribution angle) and the abnormal area in the RNFL thickness deviation map were measured.

Tracking retinal microgliosis in models of retinal ganglion cell damage.

Purpose: To investigate the longitudinal profiles of microgliosis after optic nerve injury induced by optic nerve crush and acute elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods: A confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope was used to image the retinal microglia of the CX3CR1(GFP/+) transgenic mice in vivo at baseline, 3 days and then weekly for 4 weeks after optic nerve crush (n = 3), and after elevating the IOP to 110 mm Hg for 30 (n = 3) or 60 (n = 3) minutes.

Results: After optic nerve crush, the density of microglia increased by 2.

Retinal nerve fiber layer imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: patterns of retinal nerve fiber layer progression.

Objective: To examine the use of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness map generated by a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) to detect RNFL progression and identify the pattern of progressive changes of RNFL defects in glaucoma.

Design: Prospective, longitudinal study.

Participants: One hundred eighty-six eyes of 103 glaucoma patients.

Optic disc imaging with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography: variability and agreement study with Heidelberg retinal tomograph.

Objective: To evaluate the agreement of optic disc measurements obtained with the Cirrus high-density optical coherence tomography (HD-OCT) and the Heidelberg retina tomograph (HRT) and compare the intervisit, test-retest variability between the instruments.

Design: Prospective, cross-sectional study.

Participants: Two hundred seven subjects (109 glaucoma and 98 normal subjects).

Computer simulation of progressive retinal nerve fiber layer loss in glaucoma: performance of event and trend analyses.

Purpose: Although event analysis (EA) and trend analysis (TA) have been widely adopted to evaluate glaucoma progression in clinical trials, there is poor agreement between the strategies and no consensus on strategy selection in clinical practice. With computer simulation of progressive loss of the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), the authors compared the performance of TA and EA for the detection of glaucoma progression.

Methods: RNFL progression was modeled with reference to the individual's test-retest variability and the pattern and rate of progression.

Measurement of photoreceptor layer in glaucoma: a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography study.

Objective. To measure and compare photoreceptor layer thickness between normal and glaucomatous eyes using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT). Methods.

Comparison of standard automated perimetry, frequency-doubling technology perimetry, and short-wavelength automated perimetry for detection of glaucoma.

Purpose: To compare the performance of standard automated perimetry (SAP), frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry, and short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) in detecting glaucoma.

Methods: One hundred thirty-two eyes of 95 glaucoma patients and 37 normal subjects had retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) imaging and visual field testing by SAP, Matrix FDT perimetry, and Swedish interactive thresholding algorithm (SITA) SWAP at the same visit (all perimeters by Carl Zeiss Meditec, Inc., Dublin, CA).

Tracking dendritic shrinkage of retinal ganglion cells after acute elevation of intraocular pressure.

Purpose: To investigate dendritic changes of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the rate of dendritic shrinkage after retinal ischemia induced by acute elevation of intraocular pressure (IOP).

Methods: After elevating the IOP to 110 mm Hg for 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope (CSLO) was used to serially image the retinas of the Thy-1 YFP transgenic mice in vivo for 1 to 3 months. Dendritic and axonal arborizations of 52 RGCs were visualized and followed longitudinally.

Diagnostic classification of retinal nerve fiber layer measurement in myopic eyes: a comparison between time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

Purpose: To evaluate and compare the diagnostic classification of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurement between time-domain and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) in myopic eyes.

Design: Prospective, observational study.

Methods: A total of 97 eyes from 97 healthy myopic subjects were included.

MicroRNA-145 regulates human corneal epithelial differentiation.

Background: Epigenetic factors, such as microRNAs, are important regulators in the self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells and progenies. Here we investigated the microRNAs expressed in human limbal-peripheral corneal (LPC) epithelia containing corneal epithelial progenitor cells (CEPCs) and early transit amplifying cells, and their role in corneal epithelium.

Methodology/principal Findings: Human LPC epithelia was extracted for small RNAs or dissociated for CEPC culture.

Genetic variants at 13q12.12 are associated with high myopia in the Han Chinese population.

High myopia, which is extremely prevalent in the Chinese population, is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Genetic factors play a critical role in the development of the condition. To identify the genetic variants associated with high myopia in the Han Chinese, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 493,947 SNPs in 1088 individuals (419 cases and 669 controls) from a Han Chinese cohort and followed up on signals that were associated with p < 1.

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer progression in glaucoma a prospective analysis with neuroretinal rim and visual field progression.

Objective: To evaluate the performance of progression detection and the rate of change of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), neuroretinal rim, and visual field measurements in glaucoma.

Design: Prospective study.

Participants: One hundred eight eyes of 70 glaucoma patients.

Evaluation of retinal nerve fiber layer progression in glaucoma: a comparison between spectral-domain and time-domain optical coherence tomography.

Objective: To compare the performance of a spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (OCT) device and a time-domain OCT device to detect retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) progression in glaucoma patients.

Design: Prospective study.

Participants: One hundred twenty-eight eyes of 81 glaucoma patients.

Association of hemopexin in tear film and conjunctival macrophages with vernal keratoconjunctivitis.

Objective: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic allergic inflammatory disease with unclear etiology and pathogenesis. We investigated the tear film proteome of patients with VKC to understand the pathologic characteristics of VKC.

Methods: Tear samples were collected from healthy volunteers and patients with VKC.

Long-term in vivo imaging and measurement of dendritic shrinkage of retinal ganglion cells.

Purpose: To monitor and measure dendritic shrinkage of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in a strain of transgenic mice (Thy-1 YFP) that expresses yellow fluorescent proteins in neurons under the control of a Thy-1 promoter.

Methods: A total of 125 RGCs from 16 eyes of Thy-1 YFP transgenic mice were serially imaged with a confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope for 6 months after optic nerve crush. Quantitative analysis of cell body area, axon diameter, dendritic field, number of terminal branches, total dendritic branch length, branching complexity, symmetry, and distance from the optic disc was used to characterize the morphology of RGCs, describe the patterns of axonal and dendritic degeneration, identify the morphologic predictors for cell survival, and estimate the rate of dendritic shrinkage.