Introduction: Delirium, a clinical manifestation of acute encephalopathy, is associated with extended hospitalisation, long-term cognitive dysfunction, increased mortality and high healthcare costs. Despite intensive research, there is still no targeted treatment. Delirium is characterised by electroencephalography (EEG) slowing, increased relative delta power and decreased functional connectivity.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFRhombencephalosynapsis (RES) is a hindbrain malformation characterized by a missing cerebellar vermis with apposition or fusion of the cerebellar hemispheres. The present clinical case report provides a comprehensive, longitudinal overview of cognitive and affective manifestations in a 22-year-old patient with RES. The patient shows clinical signs of emotional reactivity and dysregulation, impulsivity, and impairments in executive functioning since early childhood.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFPsychiatry Res Neuroimaging
October 2024
Background: Bipolar disorder I (BD-I) is a heterogeneous disorder with a high prevalence of comorbid anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate whether anxiety and mania symptoms define distinct subgroups within BD-I and to explore potential differences in functional network characteristics between these subgroups.
Methods: Subgroups were identified using scores from clinical anxiety and mania scales.
Children and adolescents with conduct problems participate in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT), either in individual or group format, in view of learning social problem-solving skills that enable them to behave in more independent and situation-appropriate ways. Parents must support their child's learning processes in everyday life and therefore these processes need attention in CBT sessions in which parents and their child participate. The social problem-solving model of CBT previously described (Matthys & Schutter, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 25:552-572, 2022; Matthys & Schutter, Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 26:401-415, 2023) consists of nine psychological skills.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSocial information can be used to optimize decision-making. However, the simultaneous presentation of multiple sources of advice can lead to a distinction bias in judging the validity of the information. While the involvement of event-related potential (ERP) components in social information processing has been studied, how they are modulated by (mis)judging an advisor's information validity remains unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition frequently associated with structural cerebellar abnormalities. Whether cerebellar grey matter volumes (GMV) are linked to verbal impairments remains controversial. Here, the association between cerebellar GMV and verbal abilities in ASD was examined across the lifespan.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe amygdala and cerebellum are both evolutionary preserved brain structures containing cortical as well as subcortical properties. For decades, the amygdala has been considered the fear-center of the brain, but recent advances have shown that the amygdala acts as a critical hub between cortical and subcortical systems and shapes social and affective behaviors beyond fear. Likewise, the cerebellum is a dedicated control unit that fine-tunes motor behavior to fit contextual requirements.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFIt has recently been theorized that the frontal asymmetry of approach- and avoidance-related motivation is mirrored in the posterolateral cerebellum. Accordingly, left-to-right dominant cerebellar activity is associated with avoidance-related motivation, whereas right-to-left dominant cerebellar activity is associated with approach-related motivation. The aim of this study was to examine the cerebellar asymmetry of motivational direction in approach-related behavior in the context of aggression.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCognitive and affective sequelae of cerebellar disease are receiving increased attention, but their actual rate of occurrence remains unclear. Complaints may have a significant impact on patients, affecting social behavior and psychological well-being. This study aims to explore the extent of subjective cognitive and affective symptoms in patients with degenerative ataxias in the Netherlands.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjective: Clinical, behavioural, and neurophysiological effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are highly variable and difficult to predict. We aimed to examine associations between cerebellar tDCS-induced electric field strength, morphometric posterior fossa parameters, and skin-cerebellum distance. As a secondary objective, field characteristics were compared between cephalic and extracephalic electrode configurations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe cerebellum generates internal prediction models and actively compares anticipated and actual outcomes in order to reach a desired end state. In this process, reward can serve as a reinforcer that shapes internal prediction models, enabling context-appropriate behavior. While the involvement of the cerebellum in reward processing has been established in animals, there is no detailed account of which cerebellar regions are involved in reward anticipation and outcome processing in humans.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for conduct problems in children and adolescents aims to decrease behaviors which may be considered moral transgressions (e.g., aggressive and antisocial behavior) and to increase behaviors that benefit others (e.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFInt J Clin Health Psychol
February 2023
Variability in findings related to non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) have increasingly been described as a result of differences in neurophysiological state. Additionally, there is some evidence suggesting that individual differences in psychological states may correlate with the magnitude and directionality of effects of NIBS on the neural and behavioural level. In this narrative review, it is proposed that the assessment of baseline affective states can quantify non-reductive properties which are not readily accessible to neuroscientific methods.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe longstanding idea that the cerebral cortex is the main neural correlate of human cognition can be elaborated by comparative analyses along the vertebrate phylogenetic tree that support the view that the cerebello-cerebral system is suited to support non-motor functions more generally. In humans, diverse accounts have illustrated cerebellar involvement in cognitive functions. Although the neocortex, and its transmodal association cortices such as the prefrontal cortex, have become disproportionately large over primate evolution specifically, human neocortical volume does not appear to be exceptional relative to the variability within primates.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFObjectives: Top-down stress regulation, important for military operational performance and mental health, involves emotional working memory and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Multisession transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applied over the DLPFC during working memory training has been shown to improve working memory performance. This study tested the hypothesis that combined tDCS with working memory training also improves top-down stress regulation.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe importance of the cerebellum in basic as well as higher order domains of affect processing in the brain has been vividly elaborated and specified by the contributions collected in this book. Indeed, according to increasingly precise research findings in functional neuroimaging and functional neurophysiology, individually delineable areas of the cerebellum play a role in virtually all process levels of the responsible networks of emotion perception, attribution, and experience via a variety of reciprocal connections to the limbic system and distinct areas of the parietal, temporal, and prefrontal cortex. The works in this book identify alternative perspectives in neuroscience research that offer new directions in future investigations.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeuropsychological and experimental brain research have provided independent lines of evidence in support of cerebellar involvement in disorders of emotion. Medial cerebellar structures and their connections to the limbic system are involved in visceral aspects and the generation of emotions, whereas the posterolateral cerebello-thalamo-cortical loops are implicated in emotion regulation and subjective sense of control. Disturbances within these cerebellar-centred circuits are proposed to underlie homeostatic dysregulation and suboptimal predictive coding that provide a transdiagnostic mechanism by which the cerebellum may contribute to the vulnerability and persistence of mental disorders.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFTranscranial magnetic and direct current stimulation are non-invasive brain stimulation techniques that are used to investigate cerebellar functions in healthy and clinical populations. These approaches allow transient modulation of neural excitability of the human cerebellar cortex to directly examine phenomenological, behavioral, and physiological aspects of motivation and emotion. While cerebellar neurostimulation in the field of social and affective neuroscience is still in its initial phase, empirical evidence confirms the direct involvement of the cerebellum in motivation and emotion.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFThe cerebellum is well known for its contribution to motor performance, but less for its involvement to cognitive and affective processing. The growing interest of clinical and neuroscientific research has resulted in a fascinating focus on the cerebellar mechanisms of emotion. Advances in functional neuroimaging and noninvasive stimulation protocols have successively delineated circumscribed cerebellar areas with its functional and topographic connections to the conventionally predominating cerebral cortex in basic as well as high order emotion processing.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBehavioral studies have shown that humans account for inertial acceleration in their decisions of hand choice when reaching during body motion. Physiologically, it is unclear at what stage of movement preparation information about body motion is integrated with the process of hand selection. Here, we addressed this question by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation over left motor cortex (M1) of human participants who performed a preferential reach task while they were sinusoidally translated on a linear motion platform.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBackground: Delay eyeblink conditioning is an extensively studied motor learning paradigm that critically depends on the integrity of the cerebellum. In healthy individuals, modulation of cerebellar excitability using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to alter the acquisition and/or timing of conditioned eyeblink responses (CRs). It remains unknown whether such effects can also be elicited in patients with cerebellar disorders.
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