Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC): a randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish overweight and obesity in elementary school children.

Background: Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) was a three-year cluster randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity and diminish increases in overweight and obesity in elementary school children.

Methods: Twenty-four elementary schools were cluster randomized to the Physical Activity Across the Curriculum intervention or served as control. All children in grades two and three were followed to grades four and five.

Minimal resistance training improves daily energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

Unlabelled: Long-term resistance training (RT) may result in a chronic increase in 24-h energy expenditure (EE) and fat oxidation to a level sufficient to assist in maintaining energy balance and preventing weight gain. However, the impact of a minimal RT program on these parameters in an overweight college-aged population, a group at high risk for developing obesity, is unknown.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the effect of 6 months of supervised minimal RT in previously sedentary, overweight (mean +/- SEM, BMI = 27.

Weight loss and maintenance outcomes using moderate and severe caloric restriction in an outpatient setting.

The objective of this study was to determine if a formula diet of 520 kilocalorie (kcal, 2177 kilojoules [kJ]) compared to 850 kcal (3558 kJ) produces significantly greater weight loss and improved weight maintenance in a clinical outpatient setting. The investigation was a retrospective analysis of data from 1887 participants who underwent weight loss between December 1994 and January 2003. Participants were between the ages of 18 and 70 and completed a minimum of 12 weeks of a very-low-energy diet (VLED; 520 kcal) or a low-energy diet (LED; 850 kcal).

Changes in resting metabolic rate and substrate oxidation after 16 months of exercise training in overweight adults.

Purpose: To determine whether 16 months of moderate-intensity exercise training changes resting metabolic rate (RMR) and substrate oxidation in overweight young adults.

Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to nonexercise control (CON, 18 women, 15 men) or exercise (EX, 25 women, 16 men) groups. EX performed supervised and verified exercise 3-5 d/wk, 20-45 min/session, at 60-75% of heart-rate reserve.

Alteration of dietary fat intake to prevent weight gain: Jayhawk Observed Eating Trial.

Objective: To examine the effects of ad libitum diets with three distinct levels of fat intake for the prevention of weight gain in sedentary, normal-weight and overweight men and women.

Methods And Procedures: Three hundred and five participants were randomized to one of three diets. The diets targeted <25% of energy from fat (low fat (LF)), between 28 and 32% of energy from fat (moderate fat (MF)), or >35% of energy from fat (high fat (HF)).

Physical activity across the curriculum (PAAC): rationale and design.

Background: Over the years schools have reduced physical education and recess time in favor of more academic instruction. Due to the drastic rise in obesity levels among children, some states have begun to mandate minimum amounts of physical activity (PA) that school children receive, causing schools to find alternative methods for increasing PA levels. Physical Activity Across the Curriculum (PAAC) is a 3-year randomized clinical trial incorporating moderate-intensity PA in elementary schools to reduce childhood obesity.

Impact of different levels of weight loss on blood pressure in overweight and obese women.

This study sought to determine the impact of different levels of weight loss on blood pressure in overweight/obese women. One hundred fifty-nine overweight/obese women (age 48.7 +/- 9.

A comparison of meal replacements and medication in weight maintenance after weight loss.

Objective: To compare the use of meal replacements or medication during weight maintenance subsequent to weight loss using a very low-energy diet (VLED) in overweight or obese adults.

Design: Participants followed a liquid VLED of 2177 kJ for 12 weeks followed by 4 weeks of re-orientation to solid foods. Participants were randomized at week 16 to receive either meal replacements or Orlistat both combined with a structured meal plan containing an energy value calculated to maintain weight loss.

Ingested fat oxidation contributes 8% of 24-h total energy expenditure in moderately obese subjects.

The role of ingested fat in the etiology of obesity is controversial. The aims of this study were to determine the contributions of ingested fat oxidation to: 1) 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE), and 2) substrate oxidation during acute stationary cycle exercises in adult humans. Healthy, moderately obese (n = 18; BMI = 31 +/- 1 kg/m2) subjects (8 men; 10 women) were each studied in a whole-room calorimeter for 24 h.

Beverage consumption patterns in elementary school aged children across a two-year period.

Objective: Existing data was reexamined to determine changes in beverage consumption and associations between beverages consumed and BMI Z-score in children (n = 164) across two years.

Methods: Beverages (milk, 100% juice, diet soda or sugar sweetened) and total caloric intake were calculated from a 24-hour diet recall. Height and weight were measured to calculate BMI.

The role of exercise for weight loss and maintenance.

Exercise provides a means of increasing energy expenditure and may help adjust energy balance for weight loss and maintenance. At least 30 minutes a day of moderate intensity aerobic exercise per day is recommended for weight loss and maintenance but greater amounts appear to increase the magnitude of weight loss and maintenance. Resistance training has recently been shown to have positive effects on body composition but does not typically show significant decreases in weight.

Multi-point estimation of total energy expenditure: a comparison between zinc-reduction and platinum-equilibration methodologies.

Reducing water to hydrogen gas by zinc or uranium metal for determining D/H ratio is both tedious and time consuming. This has forced most energy metabolism investigators to use the "two-point" technique instead of the "Multi-point" technique for estimating total energy expenditure (TEE). Recently, we purchased a new platinum (Pt)-equilibration system that significantly reduces both time and labor required for D/H ratio determination.

Number of days, number of subjects, and sources of variation in longitudinal intervention or crossover feeding trials with multiple days of measurement.

Dietary studies are often conducted as longitudinal intervention or crossover trials using multiple days of measurement on each subject during each of several measurement periods, and determining the required numbers of days and subjects is important in designing these studies. Linear mixed statistical models were used to derive equations for precision, statistical power and sample size (number of days and number of subjects) and to obtain estimates of between-subject, period-to-period, and day-to-day variation needed to apply the equations. Two cohorts of an on-going exercise intervention study, and a crossover study of Olestra, each with 14 d of measurement/subject per period, were used to obtain estimates of variability for energy and macronutrient intake.

Effects of 16 mo of verified, supervised aerobic exercise on macronutrient intake in overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial.

Background: It is commonly believed that moderate aerobic exercise leads to changes in diet composition, specifically, an increase in carbohydrate intake at the expense of fat intake.

Objective: The goal was to determine the effects of a supervised, long-term program of exercise on the macronutrient intake of previously sedentary, overweight and moderately obese men and women.

Design: Participants (n = 74) were recruited from the university and surrounding communities and were randomly assigned to the exercise or control group.

Glucose and insulin responses following 16 months of exercise training in overweight adults: the Midwest Exercise Trial.

The current study examined the insulin and glucose response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in overweight young adults prior to and following exercise training in the Midwest Exercise Trial (MET). Subjects (N = 66) were randomly assigned to non-exercise control (CON; 16 females, 13 males) or exercise (EX; 22 females, 15 males) groups. EX performed supervised and verified exercise on 3 to 5 days per week in 20- to 45-minute sessions at 60% to 75% of heart rate reserve.

Changes in Lower Leg Anterior Compartment Pressure Before, During, and After Creatine Supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if 35 days of creatine supplementation (Cr) followed by 28 days of no supplementation altered lower leg anterior compartment pressure (ACP) at rest and after exercise. DESIGN AND SETTING: Subjects were divided into 2 treatment groups: (1) high dose (0.3 g Cr.

The validity of the Stanford Seven-Day Physical Activity Recall in young adults.

Purpose: To evaluate the criterion validity of the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall (7D-PAR) and factors associated with reporting error, in a sample of moderately overweight, young adult men and women.

Methods: Average total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) and physical activity energy expenditure (PAEE) from the 7D-PAR were compared with the same parameters assessed by doubly labeled water in 17 men, age = 23.9 +/- 3.

Effects of a 16-month randomized controlled exercise trial on body weight and composition in young, overweight men and women: the Midwest Exercise Trial.

Background: In light of the current obesity epidemic, treatment models are needed that can prevent weight gain or provide weight loss. We examined the long-term effects of a supervised program of moderate-intensity exercise on body weight and composition in previously sedentary, overweight and moderately obese men and women. We hypothesized that a 16-month program of verified exercise would prevent weight gain or provide weight loss in the exercise group compared with controls.

Validation of energy intake measurements determined from observer-recorded food records and recall methods compared with the doubly labeled water method in overweight and obese individuals.

Background: Measurements of dietary intake in obese and overweight populations are often inaccurate because food intakes are underestimated.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the combined use of observer-recorded weighed-food records and 24-h snack recalls in estimating energy intakes in overweight and obese individuals.

Design: Subjects were 32 healthy women and 22 healthy men with mean body mass indexes (in kg/m(2)) of 29.