Single-cell approaches define two groups of mammalian oligodendrocyte precursor cells and their evolution over developmental time.

Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), single-cell ATAC sequencing (scATAC-seq), and single-cell spatial transcriptomics to characterize murine cortical OPCs throughout postnatal life. During development, we identified two groups of differentially localized PDGFRα OPCs that are transcriptionally and epigenetically distinct. One group (active, or actOPCs) is metabolically active and enriched in white matter.

Formal Ethics Consultation in Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Patients: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort of a Quaternary Pediatric Hospital.

Objective: To examine characteristics associated with formal ethics consultation (EC) referral in pediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cases, and document ethical issues presented.

Design: Retrospective cohort study using mixed methods.

Setting: Single-center quaternary pediatric hospital.

Online educational interventions in pediatric intensive care medicine.

Background: Online education has experienced explosive growth, particularly in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. We explored the current state of the evidence base for online education targeted towards healthcare professionals working in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs), to report how we are using online education in our field.

Materials And Methods: We performed a literature review by systematically generating a list of publications indexed in PubMed describing online educational interventions in the PICU, using Medical Subject Header (MeSH)-based search terms and the following inclusion criteria: studies published after 2005 that describe online educational interventions aimed at healthcare professional working in the PICU.

Changes in utilization of online pediatric educational resources during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.

The COVID-19 global pandemic disrupted healthcare, society, and medical education. Use of online video educational content increased at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, across two platforms. This demonstrates the potential of online videos to provide timely information in a scalable fashion, quickly meeting clinical information needs.

Pediatric Resident Engagement With an Online Critical Care Curriculum During the Intensive Care Rotation.

Objectives: Residents are often assigned online learning materials as part of blended learning models, superimposed on other patient care and learning demands. Data that describe the time patterns of when residents interact with online learning materials during the ICU rotation are lacking. We describe resident engagement with assigned online curricula related to time of day and ICU clinical schedules, using website activity data.

Comparison of healthcare professionals' motivations for using different online learning materials.

Importance: Online learning is increasingly prevalent throughout all stages of medical education. There is little published literature exploring what motivates healthcare professionals to engage with different types of e-learning content. Learner motivations must be understood in order to design effective educational solutions and to optimize the overall online learning experience.

A non-canonical role for the proneural gene as a negative regulator of neocortical neurogenesis.

Neural progenitors undergo temporal identity transitions to sequentially generate the neuronal and glial cells that make up the mature brain. Proneural genes have well-characterised roles in promoting neural cell differentiation and subtype specification, but they also regulate the timing of identity transitions through poorly understood mechanisms. Here, we investigated how the highly related proneural genes and interact to control the timing of neocortical neurogenesis.

Teaching Pediatric Peritoneal Dialysis Globally through Virtual Simulation.

Background And Objectives: Despite the increasing prevalence of childhood kidney disease worldwide, there is a shortage of clinicians trained to provide peritoneal dialysis (PD). E-learning technologies may provide a solution to improve knowledge in PD. We describe the development of a virtual PD simulator and report the first 22 months of online usage.

bHLH transcription factors in neural development, disease, and reprogramming.

The formation of functional neural circuits in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) requires that appropriate numbers of the correct types of neuronal and glial cells are generated in their proper places and times during development. In the embryonic CNS, multipotent progenitor cells first acquire regional identities, and then undergo precisely choreographed temporal identity transitions (i.e.

Association between Search Behaviors and Disease Prevalence Rates at 18 U.S. Children's Hospitals.

Background Usage of online resources by clinicians in training and practice can provide insight into knowledge gaps and inform development of decision support tools. Although online information seeking is often driven by encountered patient problems, the relationship between disease prevalence and search rate has not been previously characterized. Objective This article aimed to (1) identify topics frequently searched by pediatric clinicians using UpToDate (http://www.

and together regulate a postmitotic derepression circuit to govern laminar fate specification in the murine neocortex.

A derepression mode of cell-fate specification involving the transcriptional repressors Tbr1, Fezf2, Satb2, and Ctip2 operates in neocortical projection neurons to specify six layer identities in sequence. Less well understood is how laminar fate transitions are regulated in cortical progenitors. The proneural genes and cooperate in progenitors to control the temporal switch from neurogenesis to gliogenesis.

Normally lethal amino acid substitutions suppress an ultramutator DNA Polymerase δ variant.

In yeast, the pol3-01,L612M double mutant allele, which causes defects in DNA polymerase delta (Pol δ) proofreading (pol3-01) and nucleotide selectivity (pol3-L612M), confers an "ultramutator" phenotype that rapidly drives extinction of haploid and diploid MMR-proficient cells. Here, we investigate antimutator mutations that encode amino acid substitutions in Pol δ that suppress this lethal phenotype. We find that most of the antimutator mutations individually suppress the pol3-01 and pol3-L612M mutator phenotypes.

Forebrain neurogenesis: From embryo to adult.

A satellite symposium to the Canadian Developmental Biology Conference 2016 was held on March 16-17, 2016 in Banff, Alberta, Canada, entitled : . The symposium was a focused, high-intensity meeting, bringing together the top Canadian and international researchers in the field. This symposium reported the latest breaking news, along with 'state of the art' techniques to answer fundamental questions in developmental neurobiology.

Neurog1 and Neurog2 control two waves of neuronal differentiation in the piriform cortex.

The three-layered piriform cortex, an integral part of the olfactory system, processes odor information relayed by olfactory bulb mitral cells. Specifically, mitral cell axons form the lateral olfactory tract (LOT) by targeting lateral olfactory tract (lot) guidepost cells in the piriform cortex. While lot cells and other piriform cortical neurons share a pallial origin, the factors that specify their precise phenotypes are poorly understood.

Neurog1 and Neurog2 coordinately regulate development of the olfactory system.

Background: Proneural genes encode basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that specify distinct neuronal identities in different regions of the nervous system. In the embryonic telencephalon, the proneural genes Neurog1 and Neurog2 specify a dorsal regional identity and glutamatergic projection neuron phenotype in the presumptive neocortex, but their roles in cell fate specification in the olfactory bulb, which is also partly derived from dorsal telencephalic progenitors, have yet to be assessed. Given that olfactory bulb development is guided by interactions with the olfactory epithelium in the periphery, where proneural genes are also expressed, we investigated the roles of Neurog1 and Neurog2 in the coordinated development of these two olfactory structures.