Doxorubicin, doxorubicinol, cardiotoxicity, breast cancer, volumetric absorptive microsampling, LC-MS/MS.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> Doxorubicin is an anticancer therapy belonging to the anthracycline class, which has clinical activity in breast cancer. Doxorubicin can cause cardiotoxic effects due to the formation of doxorubicinol as its main metabolite. The purpose of this study was to obtain the optimum sample preparation conditions for the analysis of doxorubicin in VAMS and as a form of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in patients with cancer breasts.

Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 as Prognostic Factor for the Treatment of HER-2 Enriched Breast Cancer.

Background: MMP-9 plays a significant role in invasion and migration of tumor cells and metastasis. A combination MMP-9 biomarker with HER2 and Ki-67 is expected to provide more specificity in prognosis for better breast cancer (BC) treatment options.

Methods: A retrospective cohort of 34 patients with HER2 enriched breast cancer were studied from January 2016 until December 2020.

The correlation between the level of 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid, CYP2B6 polymorphisms, and hematuria occurrences after cyclophosphamide administration and its bioanalytical methods: A systematic review.

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a cytotoxic prodrug that needs to be metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes, like CYP2B6. Unfortunately, CYP2B6 is a very polymorphic enzyme and can cause a change in 3-hydroxypropyl mercapturic acid (3-HPMA), the most found CYP metabolite in urine levels. Change in 3-HPMA levels can also indicate the level change in its precursor, acrolein, which is responsible for the hematuria incidence after CPA administration.

Determination of O-Methylguanine in dried blood spot of breast cancer patients after cyclophosphamide administration.

Cyclophosphamide is a nitrogen mustard class of drugs that are often used in cancer chemotherapy. However, the use of Cyclophosphamide in high doses over a long period has been shown to increase the risk of developing secondary cancer. This can be indicated by the formation of mutagenic DNA adducts, such as O-Methylguanine.

Phenotyping Study of Cyclophosphamide 4-Hydroxylation in Malay Cancer Patients.

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP) is an anticancer alkylating group (nitrogen mustard) and a prodrug that will be metabolized to form its active metabolite, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (4-OHCP). The various enzymes involved in its bioactivation can cause a wide range of CP expression and activity among patients and ultimately affect the metabolism, efficacy and toxicity of this drug. The effectiveness of CP therapy can be determined by 4-OHCP level in dried blood spot (DBS).

Volumetric Absorptive Microsampling as a Sampling Alternative in Clinical Trials and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review.

An infectious disease, COVID-19, caused by a new type of coronavirus, has been discovered recently. This disease can cause respiratory distress, fever, and fatigue. It still has no drug and vaccine for treatment and prevention.

Analysis of the Doxorubicin and Doxorubicinol in the Plasma of Breast Cancer Patients for Monitoring the Toxicity of Doxorubicin.

Introduction: Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic used as an anticancer agent. Long-term use of this anticancer agent could accumulate its metabolite, doxorubicinol, and cause cardiomyopathy, due to its cardiotoxicity. This cardiotoxic effect depends on the amount of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol accumulated in the body.

Quantification of 3-Hydroxypropyl Mercapturic Acid in the Urine of Patients with Breast Cancer to Monitor Cyclophosphamide Toxicity.

Background: The alkylating agent cyclophosphamide is used in chemotherapy regimens for various type of cancer. However, cyclophosphamide may lead to toxic side effects on the bladder, namely hemorrhagic cystitis, which can cause hematuria, and, potentially, bladder cancer. These effects are caused by acrolein, a byproduct of cyclophosphamide metabolism.

Dietary patterns and risk of oral cancer: a factor analysis study of a population in Jakarta, Indonesia.

A matched case-control, hospital-based study of oral cancer was conducted in Jakarta population. The sample included 81 cases and 162 controls. The purpose of this study was to determine the association between dietary pattern and oral cancer in a Jakarta population using factor analysis.