UAV-based RGB and TIR imaging for geothermal monitoring: a case study at Kestanbol geothermal field, Northwestern Turkey.

Kestanbol is one of the most important geothermal fields in NW Turkey. This study conducted the first-ever surveys over a 10 ha reach of the Kestanbol geothermal field using an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with visible (RGB) and thermal infrared (TIR) cameras. Low-altitude flights below 40 m above the ground were operated above the Kestanbol geothermal field.

Metal removal from acid mine lake using ultrasound-assisted modified fly ash at different frequencies.

Acid mine drainage/lakes (AMD/AMLs) have a low pH with high concentrations of metals and sulfate and have been a major environmental problem in the Can Coal Basin, in northwestern Turkey. In this study, metal removal from Hayirtepe AML by using fly ash (FA) and modified fly ash (MFA) was investigated in batch experiments. The effects of various parameters, such as ultrasonic frequency, dose, contact time, pH, and temperature, were examined to determine the optimum conditions for metal removal from AML.

Prediction of acid mine drainage generation potential of various lithologies using static tests: Etili coal mine (NW Turkey) as a case study.

The Etili neighborhood in Can County (northwestern Turkey) has large reserves of coal and has been the site of many small- to medium-scale mining operations since the 1980s. Some of these have ceased working while others continue to operate. Once activities cease, the mining facilities and fields are usually abandoned without rehabilitation.

Generation of Acid Mine Lakes Associated with Abandoned Coal Mines in Northwest Turkey.

A total of five acid mine lakes (AMLs) located in northwest Turkey were investigated using combined isotope, molecular, and geochemical techniques to identify geochemical processes controlling and promoting acid formation. All of the investigated lakes showed typical characteristics of an AML with low pH (2.59-3.

Geochemical characterization of acid mine lakes in northwest Turkey and their effect on the environment.

Mining activity generates a large quantity of mine waste. The potential hazard of mine waste depends on the host mineral. The tendency of mine waste to produce acid mine drainage (AMD) containing potentially toxic metals depends on the amounts of sulfide, carbonate minerals, and trace-element concentrations found in ore deposits.