Scleral Remodeling in Early Recovery from Induced Experimental Myopia.

Purpose: To explore the contribution and impact of fibrous scleral remodeling in the early recovery from lens induced myopia of chicks.

Method: Refractive error, axial length and histopathological studies were performed on chicks subject to myopic influence with -10 D goggles unilaterally on the day of hatching for a period of 14 days, after which the eyes were enucleated and immediately fixed for histopathological assessment. Three groups, myopia (measurements taken directly after 14 days), early recovery from induced myopia (chicks allowed a three-hour recovery period by removing goggles before analysis) and control (no goggles) were evaluated.

In Vivo Contactless, Cellular-Resolution Imaging of the Healthy and Pathological Human Limbus With 250-kHz Point-Scanning SD-OCT.

Purpose: To demonstrate that high-seed, ultra-high-resolution spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) technology can image in vivo fine morphological features in the healthy and pathological human limbus.

Methods: A compact, fiberoptic SD-OCT system was developed for imaging the human limbus. It combines ∼1.

Line-scanning SD-OCT for , non-contact, volumetric, cellular resolution imaging of the human cornea and limbus.

, non-contact, volumetric imaging of the cellular and sub-cellular structure of the human cornea and limbus with optical coherence tomography (OCT) is challenging due to involuntary eye motion that introduces both motion artifacts and blur in the OCT images. Here we present the design of a line-scanning (LS) spectral-domain (SD) optical coherence tomography system that combines 2 × 3 × 1.7 µm (x, y, z) resolution in biological tissue with an image acquisition rate of ∼2,500 fps, and demonstrate its ability to image and without contact with the tissue surface, the cellular structure of the human anterior segment tissues.

Metronomic Anti-Cancer Therapy: A Multimodal Therapy Governed by the Tumor Microenvironment.

The concept of cancer as a systemic disease, and the therapeutic implications of this, has gained special relevance. This concept encompasses the interactions between tumor and stromal cells and their microenvironment in the complex setting of primary tumors and metastases. These factors determine cellular co-evolution in time and space, contribute to tumor progression, and could counteract therapeutic effects.

Histological Patterns of Epithelial Alterations in Keratoconus.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to confirm the presence of specific patterns of epithelial response in corneal buttons from keratoconus patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective and descriptive study. 90 penetrating keratoplasty specimens obtained from patients diagnosed with keratoconus were evaluated using bright-field microscopy.

Impact of contact lens wear on epithelial alterations in keratoconus.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the central epithelial thickness (CET) of penetrating keratoplasty corneal specimens obtained from patients with keratoconus (KC) and correlate the histological patterns with their clinical history.

Methods: Ex vivo histological imaging was performed to measure CET and total corneal thickness (TCT) in 56 patients with KC. Microscopic slides from penetrating keratoplasty corneal specimens, stained with hematoxylin and eosin were evaluated using bright field microscopy.

Suppressive impact of metronomic chemotherapy using UFT and/or cyclophosphamide on mediators of breast cancer dissemination and invasion.

Metronomic chemotherapy using the 5-FU prodrug uracil-tegafur (UFT) and cyclophosphamide (CTX) was previously shown to only modestly delay primary tumor growth, but nevertheless markedly suppressed the development of micro-metastasis in an orthotopic breast cancer xenograft model, using the metastatic variant of the MDA-MB-231 cell line, 231/LM2-4. Furthermore, a remarkable prolongation of survival, with no toxicity, was observed in a model of postsurgical advanced metastatic disease. A question that has remained unanswered is the seemingly selective anti-metastatic mechanisms of action responsible for this treatment.

Prevalence of vision loss among hospital in-patients; a risk factor for falls?

Purpose: Despite poor vision being a risk factor for falls, current hospital policies and practices often do not include a vision assessment at patient admission or in the hospital's incident reporting system when a fall occurs. Our purpose was to document the prevalence of vision loss in hospital general medicine units to increase awareness of poor vision as a potential risk factor for falls that occur within the hospital, and inform future preventative practice.

Methods: This cross-sectional study took place in medicine units of an acute care hospital.

imaging of the palisades of Vogt and the limbal crypts with sub-micrometer axial resolution optical coherence tomography.

A research-grade OCT system was used to image and without contact with the tissue, the cellular structure and microvasculature of the healthy human corneo-scleral limbus. The OCT system provided 0.95 µm axial and 4 µm (2 µm) lateral resolution in biological tissue depending on the magnification of the imaging objective.

Sub-micrometer axial resolution OCT for imaging of the cellular structure of healthy and keratoconic human corneas.

Corneal degenerative conditions such as keratoconus (KC) cause progressive damage to the anterior corneal tissue and eventually severely compromise visual acuity. The ability to visualize corneal tissue damage at cellular or sub-cellular level at different stages of development of KC and other corneal diseases, can aid the early diagnostics as well as the development of more effective treatment approaches for various corneal pathologies, including keratoconus. Here, we present the optical design of an optical coherence tomography system that can achieve 0.

In Vivo Imaging and Morphometry of the Human Pre-Descemet's Layer and Endothelium With Ultrahigh-Resolution Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose: To visualize in vivo and quantify the thickness of the posterior corneal layers: the acellular pre-Descemet's layer (PDL), Descemet's membrane (DM), and endothelium (END) in healthy subjects, using ultrahigh-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR-OCT).

Methods: A research-grade, 800-nm UHR-OCT system with 0.95-μm axial resolution in corneal tissue was used to image in vivo the posterior cornea in healthy subjects.

Development of a curved, stratified, in vitro model to assess ocular biocompatibility.

Purpose: To further improve in vitro models of the cornea, this study focused on the creation of a three-dimensional, stratified, curved epithelium; and the subsequent characterization and evaluation of its suitability as a model for biocompatibility testing.

Methods: Immortalized human corneal epithelial cells were grown to confluency on curved cellulose filters for seven days, and were then differentiated and stratified using an air-liquid interface for seven days before testing. Varying concentrations of a commercial ophthalmic solution containing benzalkonium chloride (BAK), a known cytotoxic agent, and two relevant ocular surfactants were tested on the model.

Fatal disseminated Scedosporium prolificans infection initiated by ophthalmic involvement in a patient with acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Scedosporium prolificans is an opportunistic saprophytic fungus that rapidly disseminates and is intrinsically resistant to currently available antifungal drugs. We report a fatal case of disseminated S. prolificans infection that started with orbital and ocular involvement in a patient with secondary acute myeloblastic leukemia.

Noninvasive imaging of the early effect of sodium iodate toxicity in a rat model of outer retina degeneration with spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

An ultrahigh resolution spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) system is used to observe for the first time in vivo the early effect of sodium iodate (NaIO3) toxicity on retinal morphology. Retinal degeneration is induced in rats via tail vein injection of NaIO3 and structural changes in the outer retina are assessed longitudinally at baseline and 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, and 10 h, and 12 post drug administration with OCT, H&E histology, and IgG immunochemistry. Disruption of the structural integrity and changes in the optical reflectivity of the photoreceptor inner (IS) and outer segment (OS) layers are observed as early as 1 h post NaIO3 injection.

Histology and immunochemistry evaluation of autologous translocation of retinal pigment epithelium-choroid graft in porcine eyes.

Purpose: To evaluate structure and cellular functionality of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)-choroid grafts after autologous translocation in porcine eyes.

Methods: Retinal pigment epithelium-choroid grafts were obtained from the nasal midperiphery donor site and translocated to the central area in 12 pigs (12 eyes). Grafts were placed under the central retina through a retinotomy.

Oculopalpebral borreliosis as an unusual manifestation of Lyme disease.

Purpose: To report the case of acrodermatitis chronica atrophicans as an ocularpalpebral manifestation of Lyme borreliosis, with peripheral keratopathy and associated vasculitis.

Methods: Case report.

Results: A 16-year-old girl, with a 4-year history of recurrent left eye photophobia, intense redness, and superior eyelid edema, presented with lid erythema, ptosis, superficial venous tortuosity, conjunctival hyperemia, corneal thinning with precipitates, and vascularization.

Trypan Blue staining method for quenching the autofluorescence of RPE cells for improving protein expression analysis.

Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells are currently in the "spotlight" of cell therapy approaches to some retinal diseases. The analysis of the expressed proteins of RPE primary cells is an essential step for many of these approaches. But the emission of autofluorescence by RPE cells produces higher background noise interference thereby creating an impediment to this analysis.

A comparative analysis of lymphatic vessel density in ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (borderline tumors) with and without lymph node involvement.

Lymph node involvement is seen in approximately one quarter of women with surgically staged ovarian serous tumors of low malignant potential (serous borderline tumors), and this finding apparently does not adversely impact their overall survival. To help illuminate some of the pathomechanisms underlying this novel phenomenon, in which a largely noninvasive epithelial neoplasm is able to exit its primary site and be transported to lymph nodes with such a substantial frequency, we investigated whether significant differences in lymphatic vessel density exist between ovarian serous borderline tumors that show lymph node involvement and those that do not. The lymphatic vessel density of 13 conventional ovarian serous borderline tumors (i.

The expression of cytokeratin 5/6 in invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast: evidence of a basal-like subset?

Analysis of gene expression profiling data on breast cancers has revealed "molecular subclasses" that may have prognostic significance. The "basal-like" breast cancers, one of these molecular subclasses, have been associated with a significantly worse overall and disease-free survival as compared with most of the other subclasses. Previous studies on basal-like cancers have been performed predominantly on the ductal histotype.

E-Cadherin and beta-Catenin expression in early stage cervical carcinoma: a tissue microarray study of 147 cases.

Background: The disruption of intercellular adhesions is an important component of the acquisition of invasive properties in epithelial malignancies. Alterations in the cell-cell adhesion complex, E-Cadherin/beta-Catenin, have been implicated in the oncogenesis of carcinomas arising from various anatomic sites and have been correlated with adverse clinico-pathologic parameters. In this study, the authors investigated the immunohistochemical expression of E-Cadherin and beta-Catenin in a cohort of early stage cervical cancers to determine its prognostic significance and to investigate differences between the three major histological subtypes.

An endometrial stromal tumor with osteoclast-like giant cells.

Endometrial stromal tumors (ESTs) of the uterine corpus have a striking propensity to display diverse morphological variations, including sex cord-like, smooth muscle, or skeletal muscle differentiation; fibrous change; myxoid change; or bland endometrioid-type glands. They may also contain rhabdoid, foam, clear, or epithelioid/granular cells among others. Recently, we have encountered an EST showing smooth muscle differentiation and osteoclast-like giant cells that were predominantly concentrated in the areas showing smooth muscle differentiation.

Age dependent association of endometrial polyps with increased risk of cancer involvement.

BACKGROUND: Endometrial polyps (EMPs) are commonly encountered in routine surgical pathology practice, but opinions differ on whether they are intrinsically a marker for concurrent or subsequent malignancy. The objectives of the present study are 1) to investigate the age-group in which EMP are most commonly encountered 2) to document the age-group in which EMP are most commonly associated with malignancies 3) To investigate whether the age of diagnosis of the various carcinoma subtypes in EMPs is congruent with published data on similar malignancies arising in non-polypoid endometrium and 4) To investigate whether the histologic subtype distribution of malignancies associated with EMPs are similar or different from the distribution of malignancies arising from non-polypoid endometrium based on published data. PATIENTS AND METHODS: All cases of EMPs were retrieved from the files of Yale-New Haven Hospital for the period 1986-1995.

Desmoplastic Infantile Ganglioglioma: cytologic findings and differential diagnosis on aspiration material.

BACKGROUND: Desmoplastic infantile ganglioglioma (DIG) is a rare WHO Grade I tumor of infancy that is characterized by large volume, superficial location, invariable supratentoriality, fronto-parietal lobe predilection and morphologically, by an admixture of astroglial and neuroepithelial elements in a desmoplastic milieu. With over 50 cases described, the histologic and radiographic spectrum of DIG has been well-characterized. The superficial location of DIGs may render them greatly amenable to preoperative assessment utilizing aspiration cytology; however, the cytologic features of this rare tumor have only been reported once previously.