Informed consent rates for neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income versus high-income countries: A systematic review.

Objective: Legal, ethical, and regulatory requirements of medical research uniformly call for informed consent. We aimed to characterize and compare consent rates for neonatal randomized controlled trials in low- and lower middle-income countries versus high-income countries, and to evaluate the influence of study characteristics on consent rates.

Methods: In this systematic review, we searched MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane for randomized controlled trials of neonatal interventions in low- and lower middle-income countries or high-income countries published 01/01/2013 to 01/04/2018.

Prospective Assessment of Pill-Swallowing Ability in Pediatric Patients.

Difficulty with pill-swallowing ability (PSA) is common in children, yet formal evaluation is rare. The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate and compare PSA of inpatient and outpatient children using the Pediatric Oral Medications Screener. We identified children aged 3 to 17 years admitted to a general or subspecialty pediatric service at a university hospital or outpatient clinic.

A Prospective Comparison of Transcutaneous and Serum Bilirubin Within Brief Time Intervals.

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends screening newborns ≥35 weeks' gestation with total serum bilirubin (TSB) or transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) to detect hyperbilirubinemia. Retrospective studies show TcB measurements strongly correlate with TSB; however, few prospective trials document this relationship. Furthermore, Dräger's newest TcB instrument, JM-105, remains unstudied in the United States.

Hierarchical regulation of photosynthesis gene expression by the oxygen-responsive PrrBA and AppA-PpsR systems of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

In the facultatively phototrophic proteobacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides, formation of the photosynthetic apparatus is oxygen dependent. When oxygen tension decreases, the response regulator PrrA of the global two-component PrrBA system is believed to directly activate transcription of the puf, puh, and puc operons, encoding structural proteins of the photosynthetic complexes, and to indirectly upregulate the photopigment biosynthesis genes bch and crt. Decreased oxygen also results in inactivation of the photosynthesis-specific repressor PpsR, bringing about derepression of the puc, bch, and crt operons.

In vitro and in vivo analysis of the role of PrrA in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 hemA gene expression.

The hemA gene codes for one of two synthases in Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 which catalyze the formation of 5-aminolevulinic acid.

Mutational analysis of the C-terminal domain of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides response regulator PrrA.

The Rhodobacter sphaeroides response regulator PrrA directly activates transcription of genes necessary for energy conservation at low O2 tensions and under anaerobic conditions. It is proposed that PrrA homologues contain a C-terminal DNA-binding domain (PrrA-CTD) that lacks significant amino acid sequence similarity to those found in other response regulators. To test this hypothesis, single amino acid substitutions were created at 12 residues in the PrrA-CTD.