Individual-based acoustic variation of the alarm calls in the long-tailed ground squirrel.

Based on their phylogenetic position, Nearctic ground squirrels are closest relatives to the long-tailed ground squirrel even though it has Palaearctic distribution. We aimed to investigate the variability of alarm calls of the long-tailed ground squirrel to test the individual variation in alarm calls. This species is known to produce two types of alarm calls: whistle alarms and wideband calls.

Vocal recognition of a nest-predator in black grouse.

Corvids count among the important predators of bird nests. They are vocal animals and one can expect that birds threatened by their predation, such as black grouse, are sensitive to and recognize their calls. Within the framework of field studies, we noticed that adult black grouse were alerted by raven calls during periods outside the breeding season.