Impact of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on eosinophils isolated from male and female individuals.

It is well established that some differences exist between the male and female immune systems. Despites this, a sex-based analysis is not frequently performed in most scientific published reports. Knowing that inflammation is a common undesired effect observed resulting from nanoparticle (NP) exposure, we investigate here how in vitro treatment of gold NPs with a primary size of 20 and 70 nm (AuNP and AuNP, respectively) will alter the biology of human eosinophils isolated from men and women blood.

Impact of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in human neutrophils in vitro and in leukocytes attraction in vivo: A sex-based analysis.

Some differences exist between the male and female immune systems. Despite this, a sex-based analysis is not frequently performed in most studies. Knowing that inflammation is a common undesired effect observed resulting from nanoparticle (NP) exposure, we investigate here how gold NPs with a primary size of 20 (AuNP) and 70 nm (AuNP) will alter the biology of polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells (PMNs) isolated from men and women as well as their potential pro-inflammatory effect in vivo in male and female mice.

Drug Self-Aggregation into Nano-Entities Has the Potential to Induce Immune Responses.

The free-state solution behaviors of small molecules profoundly affect their respective properties. It is becoming more obvious that compounds can adopt a three-phase equilibrium when placed in an aqueous solution, among soluble-lone molecule form, self-assembled aggregate form (nano-entities), and solid precipitate form. Recently, correlations have emerged between the existence of self-assemblies into drug nano-entities and unintended side effects.

Interaction between iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) and primary human immune cells: An up-to-date review of the literature.

Nanotechnology has been gaining more and more momentum lately and the potential use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles (NPs) continues to grow in a variety of activity sectors. Among the NPs, iron oxide nanoparticles (IONs) have retained an increasing interest from the scientific community and industrials due to their superparamagnetic properties allowing their use in many fields, including medicine. However, some undesired effects of IONs and potential risk for human health are becoming increasingly reported in several studies.

The Development of a New Patient-Reported Outcome Measure in Recessive Ataxias: The Person-Reported Ataxia Impact Scale.

Autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias (ARCAs) are inherited neurological disorders that can affect both the central and peripheral nervous systems. To assess the effects of interventions according to the perception of people affected, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) must be available. This paper presents the development process of the Person-Reported Ataxia Impact Scale (PRAIS), a new PROM in recessive ataxias, and the documentation of its content validity, interpretability, and construct validity (structural and discriminant).

Impact of ultra-small silver nanoparticles of 2 nm (AgNP) on neutrophil biology: AgNP alter the actin cytoskeleton and induce karyorrhexis by a mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent mechanism in vitro and transitorily attract neutrophils in vivo.

Silver (Ag) is known as an antibacterial agent and there is a growing interest to use silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a variety of medical applications and other sectors. Some studies reported that one of the undesired effects of AgNPs is inflammation and that these NPs can alter the biology of neutrophils. Since it is commonly accepted that the more NPs are small, the more toxic they are the aim of this study was to determine the impact of ultra-small silver nanoparticles of 2 nm (AgNP) on the biology of neutrophils, key player cells in inflammation.

Interaction between iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) and human neutrophils: Evidence that FeO NPs possess some pro-inflammatory activities.

Iron oxide nanoparticles (FeO NPs) are important for different medical applications. However, potential toxicity has been reported and several parameters must still be studied to reach highest therapeutic efficacy with minimal undesired effects. Inflammation is one of the most reported undesired effects of NP exposure in a variety of inflammatory models and conflicting data exist regarding whether FeO NPs possess pro- or anti-inflammatory activities.

Evaluating the Apoptotic Cell Death Modulatory Activity of Nanoparticles in Men and Women Neutrophils and Eosinophils.

Apoptosis is an important cell death mechanism for the resolution of inflammation. Neutrophil spontaneous apoptosis rates were reported to be slightly different in men and women and to be modulated by female sex hormones. The aim of this study was to determine whether different nanoparticles (NPs) will alter the neutrophil and eosinophil apoptotic rates differently in men and women.

Activation of Human Eosinophils with Nanoparticles: a New Area of Research.

It is becoming increasingly clear that nanoparticles (NPs) possess many potential applications in both clinical medicine and research. Potential utilization of NPs in nanomedicine for the treatment of respiratory diseases where eosinophils exert pathogenic roles is gaining increasing attention. Even though several NPs were found to possess pro-inflammatory activities in in vivo models based on an increased number of eosinophils in rodent airways, it is not clear how NPs could directly activate eosinophils themselves and how they can alter their biology.

Biological activities of interleukin (IL)-21 in human monocytes and macrophages.

The biological roles of interleukin (IL)-21 in human monocytes and macrophages have been neglected. We previously demonstrated that IL-21 induce phagocytosis and established that Syk is a new molecular target of IL-21. Herein, we found that IL-21 is not chemoattractant for immature THP-1 and primary monocytes but can increase the capacity of THP-1 cells (not primary monocytes) to adhere onto a cell substratum by a Syk-dependent mechanism without altering the expression of a panel of cell surface molecules.

Cytotoxicity assessment, inflammatory properties, and cellular uptake of Neutraplex lipid-based nanoparticles in THP-1 monocyte-derived macrophages.

Current antiretroviral drugs used to prevent or treat human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection are not able to eliminate the virus within tissues or cells where HIV establishes reservoirs. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop targeted delivery systems to enhance drug concentrations in these viral sanctuary sites. Macrophages are key players in HIV infection and contribute significantly to the cellular reservoirs of HIV because the virus can survive for prolonged periods in these cells.

WITHDRAWN: Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce human eosinophil adhesion onto endothelial EA.hy926 cells via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt cell signalling pathway.

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Titanium dioxide nanoparticles induce human eosinophil adhesion onto endothelial EA.hy926 cells via activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt cell signalling pathway.

The use of nanoparticles (NPs) for developing new therapeutic strategies in a variety of diseases is gaining increasing attention. However, NPs could possess undesired effects, including pro-inflammatory activities. Despite the fact that several studies reported that NPs may induce or exacerbate eosinophilic inflammation in vivo in rodents, the information regarding the direct interaction between NPs and human eosinophils is lacking.

Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo proinflammatory activities of gold (+) and gold (-) nanoparticles.

Objective And Design: The aim of this study was to determine potential effects of gold (+) and gold (-) nanoparticles, AuNP(+) and AuNP(-), on neutrophil biology.

Material Or Subjects: Freshly isolated human neutrophils were used for the in vitro aspects and CD-1 mice were used in the in vivo murine air pouch model of acute neutrophilic inflammation.

Treatment: Human neutrophils were treated with the indicated concentrations of AuNP(+) or AuNP(-) in vitro and mice received 100 or 500 µg/ml AuNP(+) or AuNP(-) into air pouches.

Silver nanoparticles induce irremediable endoplasmic reticulum stress leading to unfolded protein response dependent apoptosis in breast cancer cells.

Nowadays, silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely used in the medical field mainly for their antibacterial properties. Although some studies report a cytotoxic activity of the particles, the mechanisms involved in AgNP-induced cell death remain to be determined. Herein, we report that AgNP of 2 (AgNP) and 15 nm (AgNP) induce apoptosis in human MCF-7 and T-47D breast cancer cells.

Human eosinophils are direct targets to nanoparticles: Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) delay apoptosis and increase the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-8.

Zinc oxide NPs (ZnO) have been recently proposed as novel candidates for the treatment of allergic inflammatory diseases. Paradoxically, recent data suggested that ZnO could cause eosinophilic airway inflammation in rodents. Despite the above observations, there are currently no studies reporting direct interaction between a given NP and human eosinophils themselves.

Activation of human AML14.3D10 eosinophils by nanoparticles: Modulatory activity on apoptosis and cytokine production.

Eosinophilic inflammation is frequently observed in response to nanoparticle (NP) exposure in airway rodent models of allergies where the number of eosinophils is increased in lungs. Despite this, it is surprising that the potential cytotoxic effect of NP, as well as their direct role on eosinophils is poorly documented. The present study investigated how different NP can alter the biology of the human eosinophilic cell line AML14.

In vivo proinflammatory activity of generations 0-3 (G0-G3) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) nanoparticles.

Objective And Design: The aim of this study was to determine whether different generations (G) polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers possess proinflammatory activities in vivo.

Material Or Subjects: Several hundred female CD-1 mice were used to test four different PAMAM dendrimers using the murine air pouch model.

Treatment: Mice received appropriate negative and positive controls or G0-G3 PAMAM nanoparticles at 100 and 500 µg/ml into air pouches.

Silver nanoparticles of 70 nm and 20 nm affect differently the biology of human neutrophils.

The influence of size of nanoparticles (NP), especially in regard to pulmonary toxicity, has been widely investigated. In general, NP with smaller diameters are more pro-inflammatory in vivo, at least in terms of neutrophil influx. Nevertheless, the influence of size of NP on polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) cell biology is poorly documented.

Gold nanoparticles induce apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress events and cleavage of cytoskeletal proteins in human neutrophils.

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are promising candidates for developing nanomedicines, for the treatment of different disorders, including inflammatory diseases. However, how AuNPs could alter the biology of human neutrophils, key player cells in inflammation, is a poorly documented area of research. Here we found that, although AuNP of 20 nm (AuNP20) could be internalized in cytosolic vacuoles but that AuNP70 were localized at the cell membrane, both induced apoptosis similarly by a caspase-dependent mechanism.

Prolonged cultures of unstimulated human neutrophils lead to the apparition and persistence of rest-in-plate structures (RIPs) recognized by professional phagocytes in vitro and in vivo.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophil cells (PMNs) are known to spontaneously undergo apoptosis and then eliminated by professional phagocytes to prevent inflammation, a process called efferocytosis. However, when efferocytosis is impaired, PMNs will fall into secondary necrosis. Whether this state can persist for a certain period of time is unclear, since most of the studies investigating secondary necrosis are performed within 24h following induction by a proapoptotic agent.

Preparation, characterization, and safety evaluation of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles for protein delivery into macrophages.

Following infection, HIV establishes reservoirs within tissues that are inaccessible to optimal levels of antiviral drugs or within cells where HIV lies latent, thus escaping the action of anti-HIV drugs. Macrophages are a persistent reservoir for HIV and may contribute to the rebound viremia observed after antiretroviral treatment is stopped. In this study, we further investigate the potential of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-based nanocarriers as a new strategy to enhance penetration of therapeutic molecules into macrophages.

Silver nanoparticles rapidly induce atypical human neutrophil cell death by a process involving inflammatory caspases and reactive oxygen species and induce neutrophil extracellular traps release upon cell adhesion.

Inflammation is one of the major toxic effects reported in response to in vitro or in vivo nanoparticle (NP) exposure. Among engineered NPs, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are very attractive for the development of therapeutic strategies, especially because of their antimicrobial properties. In humans, neutrophils, key players in inflammation, are the most abundant blood leukocytes that spontaneously undergo apoptosis, a central cell death mechanism regulating inflammation.

Silver nanoparticles induce degradation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor activating transcription factor-6 leading to activation of the NLRP-3 inflammasome.

In the past decade, the increasing amount of nanoparticles (NP) and nanomaterials used in multiple applications led the scientific community to investigate the potential toxicity of NP. Many studies highlighted the cytotoxic effects of various NP, including titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, and silver nanoparticles (AgNP). In a few studies, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was found to be associated with NP cytotoxicity leading to apoptosis in different cell types.