Correction to: 'Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: The Transparent Psi Project' (2023) by Kekecs .

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1098/rsos.191375.

Analyses of response time data in the same-different task.

The Same-Different task presents two stimuli in close succession and participants must indicate whether they are completely identical or if there are any attributes that differ. While the task is simple, its results have proven difficult to explain. Notably, response times are characterized by a effect whereby responses are faster than responses even though identical stimuli should be exhaustively processed to be accurate.

Analysis of proportions using arcsine transform with any experimental design.

Introduction: Exact tests on proportions exist for single-group and two-group designs, but no general test on proportions exists that is appropriate for any experimental design involving more than two groups, repeated measures, and/or factorial designs.

Method: Herein, we extend the analysis of proportions using arcsine transform to any sort of design. The resulting framework, which we have called (ANOPA), is completely analogous to the analysis of variance for means of continuous data, allowing the examination of interactions, main and simple effects, tests, orthogonal contrasts, et cetera.

Raising the value of research studies in psychological science by increasing the credibility of research reports: the transparent Psi project.

The low reproducibility rate in social sciences has produced hesitation among researchers in accepting published findings at their face value. Despite the advent of initiatives to increase transparency in research reporting, the field is still lacking tools to verify the credibility of research reports. In the present paper, we describe methodologies that let researchers craft highly credible research and allow their peers to verify this credibility.

Is the fast-same phenomenon that fast? An investigation of identity priming in the same-different task.

The same-different task is a classic paradigm that requires participants to judge whether two successively presented stimuli are the same or different. While this task is simple, with results that have been replicated many times, response times (RTs) and accuracy for both same and different decisions remain difficult to model. The biggest obstacle in modeling the task lies within its effect referred to as the fast-same phenomenon whereby participants are much faster at responding "same" than "different," while most standard cognitive models predict the opposite.

Examining the Mechanisms of Internal and External Focus of Attention With Donders' Subtractive Method.

The goal of the current study was to measure the processing demands on the stages of information processing with internal and external foci of attention. Participants completed simple and two-choice reaction time tasks with internal and external foci of attention. Donders' subtraction method was used to isolate the cumulative duration of stages unique to simple and choice reaction time tasks.

Two case studies of very long-term retention.

Here, we present two case studies of extremely long-term retention. In the first, Richard C. Atkinson (RCA) had learned word sequences during experiments for his dissertation.

Is perfectionism a killer of creative thinking? A test of the model of excellencism and perfectionism.

The standards that a person pursue in life can be set in a rigid or flexible way. The recent literature has emphasized a distinction between high and realistic standards of excellence, from high and unrealistic standards of perfection. In two studies, we investigated the role of striving towards excellence (i.

Different measures of holistic face processing tap into distinct but partially overlapping mechanisms.

Holistic processing, which includes the integration of facial features and analysis of their relations to one another, is a hallmark of what makes faces 'special'. Various experimental paradigms purport to measure holistic processing but these have often produced inconsistent results. This has led researchers to question the nature and structure of the mechanism(s) underlying holistic processing.

The cognitive architecture of processes responsible to assess similarity and clarity in a comparison task.

When asked to compare two stimuli, participants are on average faster to respond Same than Different, an effect coined the fast-same. The dual-process theory argues that information about similarity is processed in priority over any other type of information, causing the fast-same effect. We tested this serial architecture of cognitive processes using a double factorial paradigm, suitable for a Systems Factorial Technology (SFT) analysis.

Project DyAdd: Non-linguistic Theories of Dyslexia Predict Intelligence.

Two themes have puzzled the research on developmental and learning disorders for decades. First, some of the risk and protective factors behind developmental challenges are suggested to be shared and some are suggested to be specific for a given condition. Second, language-based learning difficulties like dyslexia are suggested to result from or correlate with non-linguistic aspects of information processing as well.

The fast-same effect of an exclusive-OR task.

Participants are faster to decide that two stimuli are identical than to decide that they are different. Opposing theories suggested that this fast-same effect is either due (a) to a response bias toward similarity or (b) to facilitation caused by the repetition of the stimuli attributes. Although both theories predict the fast-same effect in a conventional same-different task, they make distinct predictions for tasks in which response bias is removed.

Cognitive architecture and capacity of the cognitive system responsible for Same - Different judgments.

Participants tend to match identical pairs of stimuli faster than different pairs. Despite many endeavours to explain this fast-same effect, there is still no theoretical consensus. A potential reason for the lack of consensus is that the cognitive architecture and capacity underlying such phenomenon is assumed and not formally tested.

Sequential sampling models of same-different data and how they explain the fast-same effect.

There have been many empirical endeavors to explain the fact that participants correctly identify stimuli faster than stimuli. Despite a large body of literature, a conclusive and unanimous consensus to explain this effect is lacking. The present study offers a new perspective on the task using best-fitting parametric values of 2 sequential sampling models (linear ballistic accumulator [LBA] and drift-diffusion model [DDM]) to evaluate the contribution of 3 theoretical concepts (starting point, accumulation rate, and base time) to the fast-same effect.

Can categorical knowledge be used in visual search?

Smith, Redford, Gent, and Washburn (2005) have proposed a new categorization paradigm called the visual-search categorization task to study how display size affects categorization performance. Their results show that, in a wide range of conditions, category knowledge collapses as soon as multiple stimuli are simultaneously displayed in a scene. This result is surprising and important considering that humans parse and categorize objects from complex scenes on a daily basis.

Manipulating the Alpha Level Cannot Cure Significance Testing.

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from = 0.05 to = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science.

An Unbiased Estimate of Global Interrater Agreement.

Assessing global interrater agreement is difficult as most published indices are affected by the presence of mixtures of agreements and disagreements. A previously proposed method was shown to be specifically sensitive to global agreement, excluding mixtures, but also negatively biased. Here, we propose two alternatives in an attempt to find what makes such methods so specific.

Varieties of Confidence Intervals.

Error bars are useful to understand data and their interrelations. Here, it is shown that confidence intervals of the mean (CI s) can be adjusted based on whether the objective is to highlight differences between measures or not and based on the experimental design (within- or between-group designs). Confidence intervals (CIs) can also be adjusted to take into account the sampling mechanisms and the population size (if not infinite).

Canadian Normative Data for Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis.

Objective: The Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Function in Multiple Sclerosis (MACFIMS) is a consensus-based collection of neuropsychological tests that evaluate cognitive functioning in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The tests are typically scored using each respective published test manual, leaving the examiner to make interpretations from norms derived from different American populations. Given demographic differences, this may lead to misinterpretation of findings in Canadians.

Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS): Canadian contribution to the international validation project.

Background: Given the high prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in people with multiple sclerosis (PWMS) and the lack of availability of specialized neuropsychological services in most MS Clinics, there is a need for a brief cognitive monitoring tool that can be easily administered by MS clinic staff.

Objective: We aimed to establish the Brief International Cognitive Assessment for Multiple Sclerosis (BICAMS) as a feasible cognitive monitoring tool and provide Canadian data toward the international validation effort. Secondary considerations were to determine if BICAMS correlates with self-reported cognition and predicted vocational status.

A correction factor for the impact of cluster randomized sampling and its applications.

Cluster randomized sampling is 1 method for sampling a population. It requires recruiting subgroups of participants from the population of interest (e.g.

A Ratio Test of Interrater Agreement With High Specificity.

Existing tests of interrater agreements have high statistical power; however, they lack specificity. If the ratings of the two raters do not show agreement but are not random, the current tests, some of which are based on Cohen's kappa, will often reject the null hypothesis, leading to the wrong conclusion that agreement is present. A new test of interrater agreement, applicable to nominal or ordinal categories, is presented.