[Advances on physiology and pathology of subpopulations of macrophages in the lung tissue].

Macrophages are vital in maintaining tissue homeostasis in the lungs by modulating and regulating immune responses. Based on different origins and anatomical locations, macrophages in the lungs are categorized into alveolar macrophages, interstitial macrophages, perivascular macrophages, and inflammatory macrophages. Alveolar macrophages are located in the alveolar spaces and are primarily responsible for maintaining alveolar surfactant homeostasis, defending against pathogens and regulating immune responses.

Retrospective assessment of short-term outcomes of robotic- versus laparoscopic-assisted duodenal diamond anastomosis in neonates.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to retrospectively compare the short-term outcomes of robotic- (RAD) and laparoscopic-assisted duodenal diamond-shaped anastomosis (LAD) in neonates.

Methods: Neonates who underwent RAD (n = 30) or LAD (n = 38) between January 2019 and December 2022 were analyzed retrospectively. Major patient data were collected, including preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative information.

Macrophage α7nAChR alleviates the inflammation of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis through mTOR/NLRP3/IL-1β pathway.

Background: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most prevalent and severe intestinal emergencies in newborns. The inflammatory activation of macrophages is associated with the intestinal injury of NEC. The neuroimmune regulation mediated by α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) plays an important role in regulating macrophage activation and inflammation progression, but in NEC remains unclear.

RNF31-mediated IKKα ubiquitination aggravates inflammation and intestinal injury through regulating NF-κB activation in human and mouse neonates.

Aims: Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a leading cause of intestine inflammatory disease, and macrophage is significantly activated during NEC development. Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) of proteins, particularly ubiquitination, play critical roles in immune response. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ubiquitin-modified proteins on macrophage activation and NEC, and discover novel NEC-related inflammatory proteins.

A nomogram for predicting hemorrhagic shock in pediatric patients with multiple trauma.

The timely detection and management of hemorrhagic shock hold paramount importance in clinical practice. This study was designed to establish a nomogram that may facilitate early identification of hemorrhagic shock in pediatric patients with multiple-trauma. A retrospective study was conducted utilizing a cohort comprising 325 pediatric patients diagnosed with multiple-trauma, who received treatment at the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang, China.

Association between pediatric postoperative delirium and regional cerebral oxygen saturation: a prospective observational study.

Background: Postoperative delirium (POD) represents a prevalent and noteworthy complication in the context of pediatric surgical interventions. In recent times, a hypothesis has emerged positing that cerebral ischemia and regional cerebral oxygen desaturation might serve as potential catalysts in the pathogenesis of POD. The primary aim of this study was to methodically examine the potential relationship between POD and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO) and to assess the predictive and evaluative utility of rSO in the context of POD.

Accurate prediction of biliary atresia with an integrated model using MMP-7 levels and bile acids.

Background: Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare fatal liver disease in children, and the aim of this study was to develop a method to diagnose BA early.

Methods: We determined serum levels of matrix metalloproteinase-7 (MMP-7), the results of 13 liver tests, and the levels of 20 bile acids, and integrated computational models were constructed to diagnose BA.

Results: Our findings demonstrated that MMP-7 expression levels, as well as the results of four liver tests and levels of ten bile acids, were significantly different between 86 BA and 59 non-BA patients (P < 0.

Echocardiographic measurements of left ventricular dimensions and function in newborns with omphalocele and pulmonary.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore echocardiographic parameters of the left ventricle (LV) in relation to the outcomes of omphalocele neonates with pulmonary hypertension (PH).

Methods: This retrospective study was conducted among omphalocele patients with PH born from 2019 to 2020. Patients in this study did not have additional severe malformations or chromosomal aberrations.

Bioinformatical analysis of the key differentially expressed genes for screening potential biomarkers in Wilms tumor.

Wilms tumor (WT) is the most common pediatric renal malignant tumor in the world. Overall, the prognosis of Wilms tumor is very good. However, the prognosis of patients with anaplastic tumor histology or disease relapse is still poor, and their recurrence rate, metastasis rate and mortality are significantly increased compared with others.

Survey on surgical treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in China 2022.

Objective: The aim of this study was to identify the state of surgical treatment of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in China.

Methods: A total of 246 delegates (88.0% senior surgeons) completed a survey sent by the Neonatal Surgery Group of the Pediatric Surgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association in 2022.

RAGE Is a Receptor for SARS-CoV-2 N Protein and Mediates N Protein-induced Acute Lung Injury.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (N-protein) increases early in body fluids during infection and has recently been identified as a direct inducer for lung injury. However, the signal mechanism of N-protein in the lung inflammatory response remains poorly understood. The goal of this study was to determine whether RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation endproducts) participated in N-protein-induced acute lung injury.

NLRP3 activation in macrophages promotes acute intestinal injury in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

Background: Macrophages are involved in various immune inflammatory disease conditions. This study aimed to investigate the role and mechanism of macrophages in regulating acute intestinal injury in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC).

Methods: CD68, nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat, and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), cysteine aspartate-specific protease-1 (caspase-1), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in paraffin sections of intestinal tissues from NEC and control patients were detected with immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, and western blot.

A Nomogram for Predicting Surgical Timing in Neonates with Necrotizing Enterocolitis.

Objective: To explore the surgical risk variables in patients with necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) and develop a nomogram model for predicting the surgical intervention timing of NEC.

Methods: Infants diagnosed with NEC were enrolled in our study. We gathered information from clinical data, laboratory examinations, and radiological manifestations.

Knowledge mapping and research trends of IL-33 from 2004 to 2022: a bibliometric analysis.

Background: IL-33 has been studied widely but its comprehensive and systematic bibliometric analysis is yet available. The present study is to summarize the research progress of IL-33 through bibliometric analysis.

Methods: The publications related to IL-33 were identified and selected from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database on 7 December 2022.

SARS-CoV-2 N Protein Triggers Acute Lung Injury via Modulating Macrophage Activation and Infiltration in in vitro and in vivo.

Background: SARS-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury but its nucleocapsid (N) and/or Spike (S) protein involvements in the disease pathology remain elusive.

Methods: In vitro, the cultured THP-1 macrophages were stimulated with alive SARS-CoV-2 virus at different loading dose, N protein or S protein with/without TICAM2-siRNA, TIRAP-siRNA or MyD88-siRNA. The TICAM2, TIRAP and MyD88 expression in the THP-1 cells after N protein stimulation were determined.

Neuroimmune regulation in Hirschsprung's disease associated enterocolitis.

Neuroimmune pathways are important part of the regulation of inflammatory response. Nerve cells regulate the functions of various immune cells through neurotransmitters, and then participate in the inflammatory immune response. Hirschsprung's disease (HD) is a congenital abnormal development of intestinal neurons, and Hirschsprung-associated enterocolitis (HAEC) is a common complication, which seriously affects the quality of life and even endangers the lives of children.

Existential experiences and perceptions of death among children with terminal cancer: An interpretative qualitative study.

Background: Exploring the experience and understanding of death in children with terminal cancer is important to provide them with appropriate care. However, most studies have focused on the perspectives of parents and healthcare professionals, and few have focused on the end-of-life experiences of children.

Aim: To advance the understanding of end-of-life experiences and perceptions of death in children with cancer.

Risk factors and outcomes of intraoperative hypothermia in neonatal and infant patients undergoing general anesthesia and surgery.

Objective: The incidence of intraoperative hypothermia remains high in pediatric patients during anesthesia and surgery even though core body temperature monitoring and warming systems have been greatly improved in recent years. We analyzed the risk factors and outcomes of intraoperative hypothermia in neonates and infants undergoing general anesthesia and surgery.

Methods: The data on the incidence of intraoperative hypothermia, other clinical characteristics, and outcomes from electronic records of 1,091 patients (501 neonates and 590 infants between 28 days and 1 year old), who received general anesthesia and surgery, were harvested and analyzed.

Co-expression and interaction network analysis reveals dysregulated neutrophil and T-cell activation as the core mechanism associated with septic shock.

Septic shock as a subset of sepsis, has a much higher mortality, while the mechanism is still elusive. This study was aimed at identifying core mechanisms associated with septic shock and its high mortality by investigating transcriptome data. We screened 72 septic-shock-associated genes (SSAGs) with differential expression between septic shock and sepsis in the discovery dataset.

Multi-omics and immune cells' profiling of COVID-19 patients for ICU admission prediction: in silico analysis and an integrated machine learning-based approach in the framework of Predictive, Preventive, and Personalized Medicine.

Background: Intensive care unit admission (ICUA) triage has been urgent need for solving the shortage of ICU beds, during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surge. In silico analysis and integrated machine learning (ML) approach, based on multi-omics and immune cells (ICs) profiling, might provide solutions for this issue in the framework of predictive, preventive, and personalized medicine (PPPM).

Methods: Multi-omics was used to screen the synchronous differentially expressed protein-coding genes (SDEpcGs), and an integrated ML approach to develop and validate a nomogram for prediction of ICUA.

Improved targeting of the 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing method enables rapid pathogen identification in bacterial pneumonia in children.

Objectives: To develop a rapid and low-cost method for 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing.

Methods: This was a prospective study on a 16S rDNA nanopore sequencing method. We developed this nanopore barcoding 16S sequencing method by adding barcodes to the 16S primer to reduce the reagent cost and simplify the experimental procedure.

The role and mechanisms of miRNA in neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis.

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), the most significant causes of neonatal mortality, is a disease of acute intestinal inflammation. At present, it is not clear exactly how the disease is caused, but it has been suggested that this disorder is a result of a complex interaction among prematurity, enteral feeding and inappropriate pro-inflammation response and bacterial infection of the intestine. A microRNA (miRNA) is a class of endogenous non-coding single-stranded RNA that is about 23 nucleotides long engaging in the regulation of the gene expression.

Expression and possible role of Smad3 in postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture.

Objective: To investigate the expression of Smad3 (mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3) protein in postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture and its possible mechanism of action.

Methods: We used immunohistochemistry to detect the expression characteristics of Smad3 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) proteins in human postnecrotizing enterocolitis stricture. We cultured IEC-6 (crypt epithelial cells of rat small intestine) in vitro and inhibited the expression of Smad3 using siRNA technique.

Establishment of Difficult Caudal Epidural Blockade Prediction Model.

Background: We aimed to develop a predictive difficult caudal epidural blockade (pDCEB) model when ultrasound was not available and verified the role of ultrasound in difficult caudal epidural blockade (CEB).

Methods: From October 2018 to March 2019, this study consisted of three phases. First, we prospectively enrolled 202 patients scheduled to undergo caudal epidural anesthesia and assessed risk factors by binary logistic regression to develop the predictive scoring system.