A patient-specific haptic drilling simulator based on virtual reality for dental implant surgery.

Purpose: In the dental implant surgery, there are inevitable risks due to the anatomically complex operation in the cranio-maxillofacial region. Therefore, there is a trend to use computer-aided technology to simulate the process of the implant surgery. In this study, we present a haptic simulator for trainees to study and rehearse the drilling performance of dental implant surgery.