Depressive and conduct disorder symptoms in youth living with HIV: the independent and interactive roles of coping and neuropsychological functioning.

Emerging research suggests the importance of psychosocial characteristics (e.g., coping and social support) for positive adaptation among youth with behaviorally acquired HIV.

Correlates of prenatal HIV testing in women with undocumented status at delivery.

Objective: To determine factors associated with prenatal HIV testing in women who accepted rapid testing at delivery.

Methods: The mother-infant rapid intervention at delivery (MIRIAD) protocol offered counseling and voluntary HIV testing in six US cities including New York City (NYC). These hospitals are required to document the HIV status of pregnant women or their infants.

Adherence to antiretroviral therapy for pediatric HIV infection: a qualitative systematic review with recommendations for research and clinical management.

Although nonadherence to prescribed therapies is widespread, it is particularly problematic with highly active antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. This review of >50 studies in the area of pediatric HIV infection revealed varying methods for assessing antiretroviral adherence with a wide range of estimates of adherence. Correlates of adherence could be grouped as those relating to the medication, the patient, and the caregiver/family, with many conflicting findings and a lack of theory guiding the research.

Adherence to zidovudine for the prevention of perinatal transmission in HIV-infected pregnant women: the impact of social network factors, side effects, and perceived treatment efficacy.

Adherence to zidovudine (ZDV) prophylaxis among 78 pregnant HIV-infected women was measured with 2 physiologic markers. Long-term adherence was measured with blood assays for macrocytosis, a clinical indicator of ZDV use; 53 women (67.9%) were adherent.

Gender differences in factors associated with adherence to antiretroviral therapy.

Objective: To identify gender differences in social and behavioral factors associated with antiretroviral adherence.

Design: Prospective cohort study.

Setting: Methadone maintenance program.

Maternal adherence to the zidovudine regimen for HIV-exposed infants to prevent HIV infection: a preliminary study.

Objective: To describe the extent of adherence to the recommended neonatal zidovudine (ZDV) regimen administered to infants who have been exposed to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and to determine which maternal factors are associated with compliance.

Methods: HIV-infected women (n = 87) who were participating in a larger study of perinatal transmission at 3 inner-city New York City hospitals were interviewed 2 to 6 weeks' postpartum to assess adherence to neonatal prophylaxis, social support, social network factors, and depression. In addition, plasma samples of 45 of their infants were assayed for ZDV levels.

Impact of active drug use on antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users.

Despite a burgeoning literature on adherence to HIV therapies, few studies have examined the impact of ongoing drug use on adherence and viral suppression, and none of these have utilized electronic monitors to quantify adherence among drug users. We used 262 electronic monitors to measure adherence with all antiretrovirals in 85 HIV-infected current and former drug users, and found that active cocaine use, female gender, not receiving Social Security benefits, not being married, screening positive for depression, and the tendency to use alcohol or drugs to cope with stress were all significantly associated with poor adherence. The strongest predictor of poor adherence and, in turn, failure to maintain viral suppression, was active cocaine use.

Orofacial injuries from sport: preventive measures for sports medicine.

Individuals worldwide are participating in an expanding arena of vigorous physical activities as well as competitive sports at all levels. The healthful benefits of such activities are unfortunately associated with injury risks that include orofacial soft- and hard-tissue trauma. This article describes the scope and emergency management of sports-related orofacial traumatic injuries that may be encountered by physicians in the field of sports medicine.

Antiretroviral therapy adherence and viral suppression in HIV-infected drug users: comparison of self-report and electronic monitoring.

To compare electronically monitored (MEMS) with self-reported adherence in drug users, including the impact of adherence on HIV load, we conducted a 6-month observational study of 67 antiretroviral-experienced current and former drug users. Adherence (percentage of doses taken as prescribed) was calculated for both the day and the week preceding each of 6 research visits. Mean self-reported 1-day adherence was 79% (median, 86%), and mean self-reported 1-week adherence was 78% (median, 85%).

Esthetic facial surgery for women.

Women of all ages are increasingly seeking facial cosmetic surgery for personal and professional reasons. A wide array of surgical procedures is available to address each woman's specific request. Esthetic facial surgery and cosmetic dentistry may complement each other to provide dramatic results.

Pilot study of expedited HIV-1 testing of women in labor at an inner-city hospital in New York City.

To evaluate the feasibility of offering voluntary counseling and expedited human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) testing to women in labor, and to assess the characteristics of two rapid HIV assays compared with results from an expedited standard enzyme immunoassay (EIA), with Western blot confirmation, as indicated, we undertook a pilot study immediately prior to enactment of New York State regulations (August 1999) requiring expedited testing of laboring women (or newborns) with undocumented HIV status. From June 9, 1999 through July 2, 1999, we offered HIV counseling and testing (C&T) to all medically stable women in active labor, 106 of 125 (85%) of whom accepted. One woman was confirmed HIV-1 seropositive.

Topical antibiotic prophylaxis for bacteremia after dental extractions.

Objective: Current prophylaxis for endocarditis in patients undergoing dental procedures consists of oral administration of amoxicillin. There is concern that the risk of anaphylaxis from systemically administered antibiotics might approach the incidence of endocarditis. Emergence of resistance among bacteria is also favored by systemically administered antibiotics.

Surgical management of sports-related traumatic injuries.

The increasing popularity of all sporting events results in increased potential for injury. Despite helmet, facemask, and mouthguard use, the face often remains an exposed area at risk in many sports. Dentists rehabilitating patients after facial injuries should understand their patients' previous injuries and treatment.

Hepatitis: implications for dental care.

Patients with hepatitis and liver dysfunction present an array of pathophysiologic alterations for the practitioner to evaluate. An understanding of how treatment may be affected by liver disease is essential before dental treatment is begun.

Diagnosis and treatment of postoperative complications after skin resurfacing.

Chemical peel, dermabrasion, and laser skin resurfacing are alternative methods to achieve skin resurfacing for reconstructive or cosmetic applications. The potential postoperative complications are similar with all of these techniques. These postoperative complications and their therapy are reviewed.

Pharmacology of agents used in the management of patients having skin resurfacing.

Many medications are used in the preparation, operative, and postoperative phases of skin resurfacing. This article reviews those medications that impact on laser, chemical peel, and dermabrasion surgery. Facial cosmetic surgeons must fully appreciate the "chemistry" of skin resurfacing.

Stress, coping, and attitudes toward HIV treatment in injecting drug users: a qualitative study.

An exploratory study was conducted with 27 injecting drug users (IDUs) on psychosocial factors (stress, coping reactions, and attitudes toward HIV illness and treatment) which are relevant to treatment acceptance and adherence. A semi-structured interview was used to collect qualitative data in a sample of 13 seropositive and 14 seronegative subjects. The results indicated a range of HIV-specific stressors such as social stigma, uncertainty about the future, disclosure of seropositive status, and monitoring of HIV illness.

Pediatric facial injuries associated with all-terrain vehicles.

All-terrain vehicles (ATVs) are becoming increasingly popular recreational devices. Multiple injuries have been associated with ATV accidents. This report reviews pediatric injuries treated at a regional pediatric trauma center, with special attention to facial trauma, as well as the ATV injury data for the United States.

Management of the oral and maxillofacial surgery patient with end-stage renal disease.

Chronic renal failure (CRF) is the consequence of a multitude of diseases that cause permanent destruction of the nephron. Concurrent with renal failure are a host of changes affecting the homeostatic functioning of the individual. This report outlines the pathophysiology of CRF and highlights its effects on surgical manipulation of the oral and maxillofacial region in this patient population.

Facial-skeletal manifestations of Engelmann's disease.

Engelmann's disease is a hereditary bone disorder that affects the axial and the appendicular skeleton. The facial examination is altered secondary to the progressive osseous changes. This report presents a case of Engelmann's disease in a patient with maxillofacial trauma and reviews the associated facial and skeletal manifestations.

Patient perceptions of diabetes treatment goals.

The current treatment of type II noninsulin dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and obesity involves complex regimens for weight reduction and improvement in metabolic control that necessitate active participation by the patient in establishing treatment goals and strategies. However, well-documented rates of nonadherence suggest that weaknesses may exist in patient-provider communications that preclude such patient participation. This study examines patient perceptions of diabetes treatment goals as established with their health care providers.