Prosocial Intentions and Subsequent Cognitive Health: A Prospective Cohort Study.

Objectives: Prosociality, defined as positive other-regarding intentions and behaviors, is a modifiable factor demonstrated to be associated with better mental, physical, and cognitive health in older adults. Prior studies have largely focused on individual prosocial behaviors, especially volunteering. This study examines whether prosocial intentions are associated with maintaining cognitive health over time.

Menopause age and type and dementia risk: a pooled analysis of 233 802 women.

Objectives: It is not clear whether the association between younger age at menopause and increased risk of dementia is modified by type of menopause. We examined the association of age at menopause or hysterectomy with dementia risk in three groups of women: those with natural menopause, premenopausal bilateral oophorectomy (surgical menopause) or premenopausal hysterectomy (without bilateral oophorectomy).

Study Design: Individual-level data from 233 802 women in five prospective cohort studies (from four countries) were harmonized and pooled.

A systematic review of the epidemiology of pediatric autoimmune encephalitis: disease burden and clinical decision-making.

Background: Autoimmune encephalitis (AIE) comprises a group of rare, immune system-mediated conditions. Clinical manifestations among children are not well-characterized, and there are challenges in testing and diagnosis. This can result in treatment delays, which has been found to correlate with poorer long-term outcomes.

Exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive function: an analysis of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing cohort.

Background: An increasing number of studies suggest adverse effects of exposure to ambient air pollution on cognitive function, but the evidence is still limited. We investigated the associations between long-term exposure to air pollutants and cognitive function in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) cohort of older adults.

Methods: Our sample included 8,883 individuals from ELSA, based on a nationally representative study of people aged ≥ 50 years, followed-up from 2002 until 2017.

Adverse childhood experiences and trajectories of multimorbidity in individuals aged over 50: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Background: Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are important for chronic diseases yet their association with multimorbidity remains understudied. Few studies consider the complexity of multimorbidity or observe multimorbidity development over time.

Objective: We investigated whether ACE were associated with multimorbidity at baseline and over a 12-year follow-up period.

Ethnic Differences in the Association Between Age at Natural Menopause and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Among Postmenopausal Women: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Data From 13 Cohort Studies.

Objective: To investigate associations between age at natural menopause, particularly premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) (natural menopause before age 40 years), and incident type 2 diabetes (T2D) and identify any variations by ethnicity.

Research Design And Methods: We pooled individual-level data of 338,059 women from 13 cohort studies without T2D before menopause from six ethnic groups: White (n = 177,674), Chinese (n = 146,008), Japanese (n = 9,061), South/Southeast Asian (n = 2,228), Black (n = 1,838), and mixed/other (n = 1,250). Hazard ratios (HRs) of T2D associated with age at menopause were estimated in the overall sample and by ethnicity, with study as a random effect.

Adverse childhood experiences and diurnal cortisol patterns in older people in England.

Adverse childhood experiences (ACE) are associated with HPA axis dysregulation at younger ages, but there is scarcity of evidence for this association at older ages. To add to our knowledge of the lifetime impact of ACE on HPA axis function, we examined whether ACE were associated with diurnal cortisol patterns in a national sample of 587 participants (356 women) aged 55-79 years from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA). We conducted descriptive analyses and estimated sex-specific robust regression models of the associations between the 8-item summary ACE score and four measurements of salivary cortisol over a 24-h cycle (upon waking, 30 min later, at 7 pm, and at bedtime) as well as the cortisol awakening response (CAR) and the diurnal cortisol slope.

Could COVID-19's Aftermath on Children's Health Be Felt into the 22nd Century?

The COVID-19 pandemic has massively affected people's health, societies, and the global economy. Our lives are no longer as they were before COVID-19, and, most likely, will never be the same again. We hypothesize that the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on population health and the economy will last for a very long time and will still be felt in the 22nd century.

Using multiple imputation and intervention-based scenarios to project the mobility of older adults.

Background: Projections of the development of mobility limitations of older adults are needed for evidence-based policy making. The aim of this study was to generate projections of mobility limitations among older people in the United States, England, and Finland.

Methods: We applied multiple imputation modelling with bootstrapping to generate projections of stair climbing and walking limitations until 2026.

Adverse childhood experiences are associated with increased risk of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy: A national retrospective cohort study of women in England.

Objective: To examine the associations between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and the risk of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy in a national sample of women in England.

Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: A stratified random sample of households across England.

Immediate and Longer-Term Changes in the Mental Health and Well-being of Older Adults in England During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Importance: Despite the emphasis placed on the psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, evidence from representative studies of older adults including pre-COVID-19 data and repeated assessments during the pandemic is scarce.

Objective: To examine changes in mental health and well-being before and during the initial and later phases of the COVID-19 pandemic and test whether patterns varied with sociodemographic characteristics in a representative sample of older adults living in England.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This longitudinal cohort study analyzed data from 5146 older adults participating in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who provided data before the COVID-19 pandemic (2018 and 2019) and at 2 occasions in 2020 (June or July as well as November or December).

Educational level as a cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus: Caution from triangulation of observational and genetic evidence.

Unlabelled: BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Education might be causal to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We triangulated cohort and genetic evidence to consolidate the causality between education and T2DM.

Methods: We obtained observational evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).

Socioeconomic position and use of hospital-based care towards the end of life: a mediation analysis using the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Background: Many patients prefer to avoid hospital-based care towards the end of life, yet hospitalisation is common and more likely for people with low socioeconomic position. The reasons underlying this socioeconomic inequality are not well understood. This study investigated health, service access, and social support as potential mediating pathways between socioeconomic position and receipt of hospital-based care towards the end of life.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Rate of Memory Decline From Mid to Later Life: Evidence From the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Evidence on the role of early-life adversity in later-life memory decline is conflicting. We investigated the relationships between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and memory performance and rate of decline over a 10-year follow-up among middle-aged and older adults in England. Data were from biennial interviews with 5,223 participants aged 54 years or older in the population-representative English Longitudinal Study of Ageing from 2006/2007 to 2016/2017.

Association Between Reproductive Life Span and Incident Nonfatal Cardiovascular Disease: A Pooled Analysis of Individual Patient Data From 12 Studies.

Importance: Early menarche and early menopause are associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in midlife, but little is known about the association between reproductive life span and the risk of CVD.

Objective: To investigate the association between the length of reproductive life span and risk of incident CVD events, while also considering the timing of menarche and menopause.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Individual-level data were pooled from 12 studies participating in the International Collaboration for a Life Course Approach to Reproductive Health and Chronic Disease Events consortium.

Type of menopause, age of menopause and variations in the risk of incident cardiovascular disease: pooled analysis of individual data from 10 international studies.

Study Question: How does the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) vary with type and age of menopause?

Summary Answer: Earlier surgical menopause (e.g. <45 years) poses additional increased risk of incident CVD events, compared to women with natural menopause at the same age, and HRT use reduced the risk of CVD in women with early surgical menopause.

Adverse childhood experiences are associated with increased risk of miscarriage in a national population-based cohort study in England.

Study Question: Is there an association between adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and the risk of miscarriage in the general population?

Summary Answer: Specific ACE as well as the summary ACE score were associated with an increased risk of single and recurrent miscarriages.

What Is Known Already: There is scarce evidence on the association between ACE and miscarriage risk.

Study Design, Size, Duration: We conducted a retrospective national cohort study.

Lifetime prevalence of homelessness in housed people aged 55-79 years in England: its childhood correlates and association with mortality over 10 years of follow-up.

Objectives: Since 2010, the number of homeless people in the UK has increased, and homelessness in its different types has become a major public health problem. Housed older people with past experience of homelessness are an understudied population that can provide valuable insight into this problem. For this reason, we examined the lifetime prevalence of homelessness and its associations with childhood adversity and mortality in a national sample of older people.

Cardiovascular risk factors and memory decline in middle-aged and older adults: the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Background: We investigated the association between trajectories of verbal episodic memory and burden of cardiovascular risk factors in middle-aged and older community-dwellers.

Methods: We analysed data from 4372 participants aged 50-64 and 3005 persons aged 65-79 years old from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing who were repeatedly evaluated every 2 years and had six interviews of a 10-year follow-up. We measured the following baseline risk factors: diabetes, hypertension, smoking, physical inactivity and obesity to derive a cardiovascular risk factor score (CVRFs).

Age at natural menopause and risk of incident cardiovascular disease: a pooled analysis of individual patient data.

Background: Early menopause is linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease mortality; however, the association between early menopause and incidence and timing of cardiovascular disease is unclear. We aimed to assess the associations between age at natural menopause and incidence and timing of cardiovascular disease.

Methods: We harmonised and pooled individual-level data from 15 observational studies done across five countries and regions (Australia, Scandinavia, the USA, Japan, and the UK) between 1946 and 2013.

Type 2 diabetes and colorectal cancer screening: Findings from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Objectives: Type 2 diabetes has been identified as a risk factor for colorectal cancer, but little is known about whether it influences participation in colorectal cancer screening programmes. This study tested the extent to which Type 2 diabetes is negatively associated with colorectal cancer screening uptake.

Methods: We analysed individual data of screening eligible men and women aged 60–75 without cancer diagnosis from wave 6 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (collected 2012–2013), to investigate whether Type 2 Diabetes influences colorectal cancer screening behaviour independently of demographic characteristics, body mass index, socio-economic status and other chronic diseases.

Childhood experiences of parenting and age at menarche, age at menopause and duration of reproductive lifespan: Evidence from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing.

Objectives: The parent-child relationship is critical for human development, yet little is known about its association with offsprings' reproductive health outside the context of abuse and neglect. We investigated whether childhood experiences of poor-quality parenting (characterized as decreased parental care and increased parental overprotection) are associated with women's reproductive timing and lifespan.

Study Design: Observational study of 2383 women aged 55-89 years in 2007 from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA).

Premenopausal cardiovascular disease and age at natural menopause: a pooled analysis of over 170,000 women.

Early menopause is associated with an increased risk of subsequent cardiovascular disease (CVD). Few studies have investigated the converse. We examined whether premenopausal CVD events are associated with early age at menopause.