Treatment of e-cigarette use among hospitalised adolescents and young adults: a protocol for intervention development and evaluation of preliminary efficacy and implementation outcomes in a randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Hospitalisation represents an opportunity to identify and treat e-cigarette use among adolescents and young adults (AYAs). Knowledge on how to provide this care is lacking. We aim to fill this gap by developing an e-cigarette use intervention and evaluating preliminary efficacy and implementation outcomes among hospitalised AYAs.

Learning & motivational talk in smoking cessation interventions: An examination of session language in two randomized trials.

Objectives: Motivational Interviewing (MI), a client-centered approach that seeks to evoke and resolve ambivalence, and health education (HE), which provides health information and advice, may both provide some benefit to unmotivated smokers. In HE, it is possible that client language reflective of new learning, or "learning talk" (LT), and rejection of health advice, or "rejection talk," (RT), may uniquely reflect intent of subsequent behavior change.

Methods: This project utilized MI and HE sessions from two randomized clinical trials (RCTs), one in a low-income, diverse community civilian sample of 255 unmotivated smokers, and the other in a sample of Veterans with mental illness who were unmotivated smokers (n = 55).

Decídetexto: Mobile Cessation Support for Latino Adults Who Smoke: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Latino adults experience multiple barriers to health care access and treatment that result in tobacco-related disparities. Mobile interventions have the potential to deliver smoking cessation treatment among Latino adults, who show the highest use rates of mobile technologies.

Research Question: Is Decídetexto, a culturally accommodated mobile health intervention, more effective for smoking cessation compared with standard care among Latinx adults who smoke?

Study Design And Methods: A two-arm parallel group randomized clinical trial was conducted in Kansas, New Jersey, and New York between October 2018 and September 2021.

Implementing text-messaging to support and enhance delivery of health behavior change interventions in low- to middle-income countries: case study of the Lifestyle Africa intervention.

The prevalence of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes and cardiovascular disease, is rising in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Health behavior change (HBC) interventions such as the widely used Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) are effective at reducing chronic disease risk, but have not been adapted for LMICs. Leveraging mobile health (mHealth) technology such as text messaging (SMS) to enhance reach and participant engagement with these interventions has great promise, yet we lack evidence-informed approaches to guide the integration of SMS specifically to support HBC interventions in LMIC contexts.

Strengthening Tobacco 21 implementation and enforcement to reduce tobacco-related health disparities: A stakeholder engagement project.

Introduction: As a part of a priority-setting stakeholder engagement project to strengthen the impact of the federal Tobacco 21 (T21) law, we conducted a qualitative study to solicit input from a nationwide sample of tobacco control stakeholders regarding the implementation, enforcement, and equity implications of the T21 law.

Methods: Following the T21 policy evaluation guidance developed by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), we identified T21 experts in four domains: policy, evaluation, subject matter, and implementation from a national search of stakeholders (invitations, n=1279) to account for geographical variation. This study presents results from five focus groups conducted in December 2021 among stakeholders (n=31) with experience in T21 policy, evaluation, subject matter, and implementation.

Cost-effectiveness of : an adaptation of the diabetes prevention programme for delivery by community health workers in urban South Africa.

Background: is an adapted version of the Diabetes Prevention Program designed for delivery by community health workers to socioeconomically disadvantaged populations in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Results from the trial conducted in an under-resourced community in South Africa indicated that the programme had a significant effect on reducing haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c).

Objective: To estimate the cost of implementation and the cost-effectiveness (in cost per point reduction in HbA1c) of the programme to inform decision-makers of the resources required and the value of this intervention.

The Effects of Opt-out vs Opt-in Tobacco Treatment on Engagement, Cessation, and Costs: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

Importance: Tobacco use causes 7 million deaths per year; most national guidelines require people who use tobacco to opt in to care by affirming they are willing to quit. Use of medications and counseling is low even in advanced economy countries.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of opt-out care vs opt-in care for people who use tobacco.

COVID-19 Testing in African American Churches Using a Faith-Health- Academic Partnership.

Increasing access to COVID-19 testing in influential, accessible community settings is needed to address COVID-19 disparities among African Americans. We describe COVID-19 testing intervention approaches conducted in Kansas City, Missouri, African American churches via a faith-health-academic partnership. Trained faith leaders promoted COVID-19 testing with church and community members by implementing multilevel interventions using a tailored toolkit and standard education information.

Effectiveness of Recruitment Strategies of Latino Smokers: Secondary Analysis of a Mobile Health Smoking Cessation Randomized Clinical Trial.

Background: Latinos remain disproportionately underrepresented in clinical trials, comprising only 2%-3% of research participants. In order to address health disparities, it is critically important to increase enrollment of Latino smokers in smoking cessation trials. There is limited research examining effective recruitment strategies for this population.

Use of pre-enrollment randomization and delayed consent to maximize participation in a clinical trial of opt-in versus opt-out tobacco treatment.

Enrollment in smoking cessation trials remain sub-optimal. The aim of this analysis was to determine the effectiveness of a modified Zelen's design in engaging hospitalized patients who smoke in a pragmatic versus tobacco treatment trial. At bedside, clinical staff screened smokers for eligibility, randomized eligible into study arms, and delivered the appropriate treatment approach.

Evaluation of an adapted version of the Diabetes Prevention Program for low- and middle-income countries: A cluster randomized trial to evaluate "Lifestyle Africa" in South Africa.

Background: Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are experiencing major increases in diabetes and cardiovascular conditions linked to overweight and obesity. Lifestyle interventions such as the United States National Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) developed in high-income countries require adaptation and cultural tailoring for LMICs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of "Lifestyle Africa," an adapted version of the DPP tailored for an underresourced community in South Africa compared to usual care.

"I'm a transgender man… I have to quit smoking for treatment and surgery": Describing the experience of a Latino transgender man during his attempt to quit smoking.

Objective: To describe the experience of a Latino transgender man during his attempt to quit smoking using a text messaging intervention.

Methods: A Latino transgender man enrolled in a smoking cessation randomized controlled trial for Latino smokers. The participant was randomized to Decídetexto, a smoking cessation mobile intervention.

Shared Decision Making in Health Care: Theoretical Perspectives for Why It Works and For Whom.

Applying both theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence, we address 2 key questions regarding shared decision making (SDM): 1) When should SDM be more patient driven, and when should it be more provider driven? and 2) Should health care providers match their SDM style/strategy to patient needs and preferences? Self-determination theory, for example, posits a distinction between autonomy and independence. A patient may autonomously seek their health care provider's input and guidance, perhaps due to low perceived competence, low coping resources, or high emotional arousal. Given their need state, they may autonomously require nonindependence.

Feasibility and Effectiveness of Recruiting Latinos in -A Smoking Cessation Clinical Trial from an Emergency Department Patient Registry.

There is an underrepresentation of Latinos in smoking cessation clinical trials. This study describes the feasibility and effectiveness of recruiting Latino smokers in the U.S.

Trends in Adolescent Cannabis-Related Hospitalizations by State Legalization Laws, 2008-2019.

Purpose: Adolescent cannabis use is associated with adverse health outcomes. The impact of cannabis legalization on adolescent cannabis-related hospitalizations remains unknown. We sought to assess whether state cannabis legalization is associated with adolescent cannabis-related hospitalizations.

Translation and Examination of the Reliability and Validity of the Spanish Version of the Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire Among Latino Smokers.

The 12-item Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ-12) is a valid and reliable instrument to assess confidence in one's ability to refrain from smoking in a variety of different situations. This study evaluated the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the 12-item Smoking Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SEQ-12) among a sample of Spanish-speaking Latino smokers engaged in a smoking cessation research study. A forward-backward translation procedure guided the translation of the SEQ-12 into Spanish.

Brief Motivational Intervention to Improve Adolescent Sexual Health Service Uptake: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial in the Emergency Department.

Objective: To test the hypothesis that our motivational sexual health intervention (SexHealth) would increase health service uptake when compared with control.

Study Design: In a randomized controlled trial at a pediatric emergency department, sexually active adolescents received either the SexHealth intervention or printed materials (control). SexHealth, delivered by a health educator, was a tablet-based, interactive intervention that included motivational techniques to promote sexual health, condom skills training, and tailored service recommendations.

Stress, Depression and Quit Attempt Outcomes among Unmotivated Smokers.

Introduction: Stress and depressive symptoms have been linked to a reduced likelihood of sustaining smoking cessation. Because stress and depressive symptoms may negatively affect motivation to quit, stress and depression may also be important for whether or not smokers make a quit attempt.

Objective: To examine the relationship between perceived stress and depressive symptoms and initiating a quit attempt in a smoking cessation induction trial.

Rural-Urban Differences in Changes and Effects of Tobacco 21 in Youth E-cigarette Use.

Background: The prevalence of current electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use has increased dramatically among US youth. It is unknown how the impact of policies to curb e-cigarette use might differ across rural and urban areas.

Methods: Data were collected from an annual statewide survey of middle and high school students in Kansas.

Differential mechanisms of change in motivational interviewing versus health education for smoking cessation induction.

To determine if Motivational Interviewing (MI) versus health education (HE) elicited different types of client language and whether these differences were associated with outcomes in a randomized clinical trial (RCT) for cessation induction among people who smoke with low motivation to quit. A secondary data analysis was conducted using data from the MI and HE arms of a trial in which people who smoke ( = 202) with low desire to quit were randomly assigned to four sessions of MI, HE or brief advice. Mediation analyses examined two types of client language: change talk (CT) and a novel form of client speech called "learning talk" (LT).

Changes in opioid prescriptions for Medicaid-enrolled children and young adults, 2012-2016.

Objectives: To describe current trends in filled opioid prescriptions for Medicaid-enrolled children, adolescents and young adults (AYAs) from 2012 to 2016, and to identify patient characteristics and clinical settings associated with a higher probability of filled opioid prescriptions.

Design: Retrospective cohort study of children and young adults enrolled in Medicaid from 2012 to 2016.

Setting: 10-12 states participating in the Medicaid Marketscan claims database.

Trends in Incidence of Nicotine Use Disorder Among Adolescents in the Pediatric Hospital, 2012-2019.

Objectives: To assess trends in the incidence of nicotine use disorder (NUD) and describe associated factors among adolescents in the pediatric emergency department (ED) and inpatient settings.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all adolescents (11-18 years) with a hospital encounter (inpatient, observation, or ED) in the Pediatric Health Information System between January 1, 2012, and September 30, 2019. After excluding adolescents with a previous , and , NUD diagnosis in the past 2 years, adolescents with new NUD diagnosis (ie, NUD incidence) were identified.

Barriers to Tobacco Cessation for Caregivers of Hospitalized Children: Perspectives of Pediatric Hospitalists.

Objectives: Secondhand smoke exposure is associated with adverse health outcomes in children, yet tobacco cessation efforts for caregivers of hospitalized children are lacking. We sought to explore pediatric hospitalists' attitudes and barriers to providing tobacco cessation for caregivers of hospitalized children.

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional survey of pediatric hospitalists and fellows at 7 hospitals from November 1, 2018, to November 30, 2019.

Decídetexto: Mobile cessation support for Latino smokers. Study protocol for a randomized clinical trial.

Introduction: Latinos, the largest minority group in the U.S., experience tobacco-related disparities, including limited access to cessation resources.