[Neutropenic enterocolitis in the pediatric cancer patient].

Neutropenic enterocolitis (NEC) is a heterogeneous disease of the gastrointestinal tract with systemic response, that corresponds to a severe and life-threatening clinical condition in immunocompromised patients, especially in childhood cancer. The pathologic features are poorly understood, although its multifactorial cause of NEC is well established and it is associated with the cytotoxic effects of the chemotherapy agents used and recognized by the classic triad of fever, neutropenia, and abdominal pain, secondary to gastrointestinal injuries that alters mucosal permeability and helps intramural bacterial invasion. NEC is truly a clinical challenge that requires an early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach including basic laboratory and imagological tests in high complexity centers.

[Impact of the vancomycin and amikacin therapeutic monitoring in the optimization of antimicrobial dose in pediatric patients].

Background: The monitoring of antimicrobial therapy through plasma levels makes it possible to determine the optimal dosage of antimicrobials, an essential approach in pediatrics.

Aim: To describe the monitoring of plasma antimicrobial levels and dose adjustment in the pediatric population to determine if the doses used reach therapeutic ranges.

Methods: Retrospective, descriptive study using a database with measurement of plasma levels of amikacin and vancomycin in pediatric patients at San Borja Arriarán Hospital between 2015-2018.

[Aseptic meningitis due to mumps vaccine. Case report and review of the literature].

We report the case of an older infant with no prior morbidity that approximately 3 weeks after receiving MMR vaccination (measles, mumps, rubella) was hospitalized for feverish symptoms, increased parotid volume and compromised consciousness. Aseptic meningitis was diagnosed, detecting pleocytosis in the CSF, predominantly mononuclear, and confirming by molecular biology, presence of parotid virus in CSF. A study was carried out by the Institute of Public Health of Chile, where serology (IgM and IgG) was positive.

[Clinical-epidemiological characterization of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis of seven public hospitals].

Background: Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) presents high mortality and postoperative, gastrointestinal and neurodevelopmental morbidity. There is limited information about NEC in Chile.

Aim: To describe the clinical/epidemiological behavior of newborns who underwent NEC.

[Antibiotics in neonatology. Part I: Dosage recommendations based on the most recent evidence in newborns Advisory Committee on Neonatal Infections, Chilean Society of Infectious Diseases].

Antibiotics are the most widely used medications in neonates during their first month of life in neonatal units, mainly due to the high risk they present of acquiring serious infections such as sepsis. Most of these antibiotics are used with extrapolated doses based on the suggestions in the adult population and older children, despite the fact that the pathophysiology in newborns is absolutely different. This leads to a higher risk of more adverse effects occurring, which can lead to greater toxicity and therapeutic failures, among others.

Direct costs of low respiratory infection due to RSV in children under one year.

Introduction: Considering the high prevalence of respiratory infections in hospitalized infants with Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), the objective of this study is to determine the direct costs of this infection.

Patients And Method: Prospective longitudinal study in infants under one year of age hospitalized due to RSV during 2015. The patients were divided into 2 groups, Group 1 pa tients without risk factors and Group 2 patients with risk factors (prematurity, oxygen dependence, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, heart disease, immunocompromised patients), comparing each other variables such as nutritional status, gender, breastfeeding, discharge diagnosis, radiological diagno sis, length of hospital stay, among others.

Bradykinin and histamine-induced cytosolic calcium increase in capillary endothelial cells of bovine adrenal medulla.

We have assessed the effect of bradykinin and histamine on the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i ) of bovine adrenal medulla capillary endothelial cells (BAMCECs). To measure [Ca(2+)]i changes in BAMCECs the intracellular fluorescent probe, fluo-3 AM, was used. Bradykinin (3 µM) produced a transient monophasic increase in [Ca(2+)]i , which was depressed by B1650 (0.

Nicotine-evoked cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and cell depolarization in capillary endothelial cells of the bovine adrenal medulla.

Endothelial cells are directly involved in many functions of the cardiovascular system by regulating blood flow and blood pressure through Ca(2+) dependent exocitosis of vasoactive compounds. Using the Ca(2+) indicator Fluo-3 and the patch-clamp technique, we show that bovine adrenal medulla capillary endothelial cells (B AMCECs) respond to acetylcholine (ACh) with a cytosolic Ca(2+) increase and depolarization of the membrane potential (20.3+/-0.

[Tuberculosis in health care workers from a public health service in Santiago, Chile].

Objective: To evalúate the risk of tuberculosis (TBC) among health care workers (HCW) of the Southern Metropolitan Health Service (SMHS) of Santiago, Chile.

Method: A retrospective study using records of patients receiving TBC treatment in the SMHS from 2001 to 2006 was performed, in which HCW were identified. Total population of HCWs at risk was calculated using annual records of personnel hired at the SMHS.

[Tuberculosis in healthcare workers].

Tuberculosis (TB) is an occupational risk hazard that explains 5 to 5.361 additional cases of TB per 100.000 individuals among healthcare workers (HCW) in relation to general population in developing countries.

[Precautions in the care of patients hospitalized with H5N1 avian influenza].

Several agencies have proposed infection control guidelines for management of patients admitted with the diagnosis of avian influenza. These guidelines aim to prevent transmission from the patient to hospital personnel and other inpatients. The guidelines presented here by the Advisory Committee of Nosocomial Infections have been elaborated for the local medical community after reviewing currently available recommendations.

[Acute respiratory infections in children of day care center: characteristics and costs].

The clinical profile of respiratory infections in 140 children who attend a day care center was described in a prospective study and direct costs were estimated. The costs estimation included diagnostic procedures, laboratory exams, drugs, kinesitherapy, parents' absenteeism, medical certificates and hospitalization. Two hundred and two respiratory episodes in 90 (64.

[Clinical features and costs of rotavirus gastroenteritis in infants: community versus nosocomialy acquired infection].

This is a prospective 12 month (July 2003-June 2004) cohort study in one large tertiary hospital of Santiago, Chile aimed to describe clinic features and calculate the direct costs of hospitalization associated to community-acquired (n = 78) and nosocomially-acquired (n = 52) rotavirus infection. A gastroenteritis severity score after Rennels 1996, (0 to 17 points) was applied and costs where calculated based on those assigned by the Chilean National Funds for Health (FONASA). Severe gastroenteritis manifested by a score > 14 occurred in 26.

Modulatory effect of extracellular Mg2+ ions on K+ and Ca2+ currents of capillary endothelial cells from rat brain.

Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording, we demonstrate that exposure of single rat brain capillary endothelial cells to different extracellular Mg2+ concentrations (0.3, 4.8 and 9.

The meaning of H2O2 generation in carotid body cells for PO2 chemoreception.

The rat carotid body is able to generate H2O2 in type-I cells with the aid of an electron-transferring chain with cytochrome b as the major component as it can be detected by spectrophotometry as well as confocal laser-microscopy. This cytochrome b is reducible by hypoxia, but not by cyanide, indicating that it does not participate in the energy production by the respiratory chain. The carotid body possesses a glutathione peroxidase (GPO) which scavenges H2O2 and other organic hydroperoxides.

Hypoxia increases the cyclic AMP content of the cat carotid body in vitro.

The cyclic AMP content of cat carotid bodies in vitro measured with a radioimmunoassay under control conditions (PO2: 230 torr) was 0.79 +/- 0.10 pmol/carotid body (n = 10).

Involvement of an NAD(P)H oxidase as a pO2 sensor protein in the rat carotid body.

The rat carotid body tissue reveals a photometrically measurable haem signal with absorbance maxima at 560 nm, 518 nm and 425 nm, suggesting the presence of a b-type cytochrome; this was confirmed by pyridine haemochrome and CO spectra. The quantity of cytochrome b was estimated to be 310 pmol.mg of protein-1.

Aerobic glycolysis in the retina of the crab Ocypode ryderi.

Our experiments on the isolated and superfused crab retina reveal that pronounced gradients for PO2 and pH exist in this tissue. The PgO2 profiles and a delayed recovery of the PgO2 after hypoxia seem to be a consequence of the oxygen consumption inside the tissue, as much as both characteristics can be abolished by impairment of electron transport in the respiratory chain after application of antimycin A. The pH profile is obviously created by a production and steady release of lactate, which could be measured in the superfusate.

Evidence for a PO2-sensitive K+ channel in the type-I cell of the rabbit carotid body.

Type-I cells of rabbit carotid bodies were studied with the patch-clamp technique in the whole-cell and on the cell-attached configuration. Cells exhibiting resting potentials of about -40 mV under normoxic conditions (PO2: 20 kPa), depolarized during hypoxia (PO2: 3.7 kPa).