Virological failure of patients on maraviroc-based antiretroviral therapy.

Objectives: Virological failure (VF) in patients on maraviroc-based treatment has been associated with altered HIV tropism and resistance to maraviroc. This multicentre study aimed to characterize VF in patients treated with maraviroc.

Methods: We analysed 27 patients whose treatment failed between 2008 and 2011.

National sentinel surveillance of transmitted drug resistance in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients in France over a decade: 2001-2011.

Objectives: As recommended by the French ANRS programme for the surveillance of HIV-1 resistance, we estimated the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) in antiretroviral-naive, chronically HIV-1-infected patients.

Methods: RAMs were sought in samples from 661 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected patients in 2010/11 at 36 HIV clinical care centres. Weighted analyses were used to derive representative estimates of the percentage of patients with RAMs.

A cohort study of treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients treated with raltegravir: factors associated with virological response and mutations selected at failure.

This study aimed to identify factors associated with virological response (VR) to raltegravir (RAL)-containing regimens in 468 treatment-experienced but integrase inhibitor-naive HIV-1 patients receiving a RAL-containing regimen. VR was defined at Month 6 (M6) as HIV-1 RNA viral load (VL) <50 copies/mL. The impacts on VR of baseline integrase mutations, VL, CD4 count, genotypic sensitivity score for nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, and the number of new antiretrovirals used for the first time associated with RAL were investigated.

Increasing prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations and non-B subtype circulation in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-infected patients from 2001 to 2006/2007 in France.

Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of transmitted drug resistance mutations and non-B subtype circulation in antiretroviral-naive chronically HIV-1-infected patients in France.

Methods: Resistance mutations were sought in samples from 530 newly diagnosed HIV-1-infected patients from October 2006 to March 2007. Protease and reverse transcriptase mutations were identified from the 2007 Stanford Resistance Surveillance list.

Nucleotide variability and translation efficiency of the 5' untranslated region of hepatitis A virus: update from clinical isolates associated with mild and severe hepatitis.

Mutations in the internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of hepatitis A virus (HAV) have been associated with enhanced in vitro replication and viral attenuation in animal models. To address the possible role of IRES variability in clinical presentation, IRES sequences were obtained from HAV isolates associated with benign (n = 8) or severe (n = 4) hepatitis. IRES activity was assessed using a bicistronic dual-luciferase expression system in adenocarcinoma (HeLa) and hepatoma (HuH7) cell lines.

Epidemiology and genetic characterization of hepatitis A virus genotype IIA.

Three hepatitis A virus (HAV) genotypes, I, II, and III, divided into subtypes A and B, infect humans. Genotype I is the most frequently reported, while genotype II is hardly ever isolated, and its genetic diversity is unknown. From 2002 to 2007, a French epidemiological survey of HAV identified 6 IIA isolates, mostly from patients who did not travel abroad.

Evaluation of the genotypic prediction of HIV-1 coreceptor use versus a phenotypic assay and correlation with the virological response to maraviroc: the ANRS GenoTropism study.

Genotypic algorithms for prediction of HIV-1 coreceptor usage need to be evaluated in a clinical setting. We aimed at studying (i) the correlation of genotypic prediction of coreceptor use in comparison with a phenotypic assay and (ii) the relationship between genotypic prediction of coreceptor use at baseline and the virological response (VR) to a therapy including maraviroc (MVC). Antiretroviral-experienced patients were included in the MVC Expanded Access Program if they had an R5 screening result with Trofile (Monogram Biosciences).

Enfuvirtide: a safe and effective antiretroviral agent for human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients shortly after liver transplantation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of an enfuvirtide-based antiretroviral (ARV) regimen on the management of immunosuppression and follow-up in hepatitis C virus (HCV)/hepatitis B virus (HBV)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-coinfected liver transplant patients in comparison with a lopinavir/ritonavir-based ARV regimen. Tacrolimus and cyclosporine trough concentrations were determined at a steady state during 3 periods: after liver transplantation without ARV treatment (period 1), at the time of ARV reintroduction (period 2), and 2 to 3 months after liver transplantation (period 3). The findings for 22 HIV-coinfected patients were compared (18 with HCV and 4 with HBV); 11 patients were treated with enfuvirtide and were matched with 11 lopinavir/ritonavir-exposed patients.

Use of dried serum spots for serological and molecular detection of hepatitis a virus.

We assessed the feasibility of using dried serum spots (DSS) for the serological and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. Sixty-eight sera spotted onto filter papers (Whatman International Ltd., United Kingdom) were used for detection of total anti-HAV antibodies, and 64 sera were used for detection of immunoglobulin M antibody to HAV.

Chickenpox-associated fulminant hepatitis that led to liver transplantation in a 63-year-old woman.

A 63-year-old woman treated with prednisone for sinusitis developed fulminant liver failure due to a clinically unsuspected primary varicella zoster virus infection. The diagnosis of herpetic hepatitis was made from a liver biopsy, and varicella zoster virus viremia was detected by polymerase chain reaction. She was treated successfully with transplantation and perioperative administration of acyclovir.

In vitro phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 clinical isolates to protease inhibitors.

We determine phenotypic susceptibility of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) isolates to amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, saquinavir, and tipranavir. Saquinavir, lopinavir, and darunavir are potent against wild-type HIV-2 isolates and should be preferred as first-line options for HIV-2-infected patients. Other protease inhibitors are less active against HIV-2 than against HIV-1.

Sensitivity of a rapid immuno-chromatographic test for hepatitis C antibodies detection.

Background And Objectives: Enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISA) are the most widely used anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening tests but simple, instrument and electricity-free screening tests have been developed with results available in a few minutes.

Methods: The sensitivity of a rapid immuno-chromatographic assay for the detection of anti-HCV antibodies was evaluated on 421 HCV RNA-positive samples from chronic carriers and compared with ELISA method.

Results: The sensitivity of the ELISA method was 99.

Usefulness of specific IgG avidity for diagnosis of hepatitis A infection.

Aim: Diagnosis of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is classically based on the detection of HAV-IgM. Nevertheless, HAV-IgM can be positive for patients with polyclonal stimulation of their immune system (i.e.

Diagnostic relevance of immunoglobulin G avidity for hepatitis A virus.

Diagnosis of acute hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection is based on the detection of HAV immunoglobulin M (IgM). However, IgM could be detected due to nonspecific polyclonal activation of the immune system. An avidity test for anti-HAV IgG was developed to distinguish acute infection, where low-avidity antibodies are detected, from immune reactivation.