Cube-like anatase TiO mesocrystals as effective electron-transporting materials toward high-performance perovskite solar cells.

Electron-transporting materials (ETMs) with higher carrier mobility and a suitable band gap structure play a significant role in determining the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, cube-like mesoporous single-crystal anatase TiO (Meso-TiO) nanoparticles synthesized by using a facile hydrothermal method were utilized as an efficient ETM for PSCs. The superior semiconducting properties of the Meso-TiO based ETM enabled the best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.

TiO Mesocrystals Processed at Low Temperature as the Electron-Transport Material in Perovskite Solar Cells.

TiO is the most widely used material for preparing the electron-transporting layer (ETL) in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, it requires a high-temperature sintering process. Moreover, the intrinsic defects and low electron mobility of TiO ETLs cause instability and hysteresis effects in PSCs.

Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on a ZnSnO Compact Layer.

In the present work, a new reflux condensation route has been developed for synthesizing a ZnSnO film, which was first used as a compact layer in a perovskite solar cell (PSC) and achieved an efficiency of 20.1%. The high efficiency of PSC could be contributed to the following: (i) as a compact layer in a PSC, ZnSnO exhibits high electron mobility and has an appropriate energy band structure, resulting in the efficient extraction of carriers and transport of electrons; (ii) the surface of the FTO substrate is completely covered by a ZnSnO compact layer, and the direct contact between a perovskite layer and FTO is prevented, leading to a significantly efficiently suppression of charge recombination.

Brookite TiO mesocrystals with enhanced lithium-ion intercalation properties.

Brookite TiO2 mesocrystals were synthesized for the first time using amorphous titanate used as a precursor, exhibiting a high rate capability when applied as an anode for lithium-ion batteries. An in situ X-ray diffraction test of lithium intercalation into the brookite TiO2 structure was further investigated and revealed a reversible phase transformation.

Metal-organic frameworks at interfaces of hybrid perovskite solar cells for enhanced photovoltaic properties.

In this study, metal-organic frameworks, as an interfacial layer, were introduced into perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for the first time. An interface modified with the metal-organic framework ZIF-8 efficiently enhanced perovskite crystallinity and grain sizes, and the photovoltaic performance of the PSCs was significantly improved, resulting in a maximum PCE of 16.99%.

Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells Based on Zn Ti O Nanoparticles as Electron Transport Material.

Developing ternary metal oxides as electron transport layers (ETLs) for perovskite solar cells is a great challenge in the field of third-generation photovoltaics. In this study, a highly mesoporous Zn Ti O (m-ZTO) scaffold is synthesized by ion-exchange method and used as ETL for the fabrication of methyl ammonium lead halide (CH NH PbI ) perovskite solar cells. The optimized devices exhibit 17.

Psychophysiological correlates of interpersonal cooperation and aggression.

Mimicking real world situations, the Chicken Game allows scientists to examine human decision-making when the outcome is not entirely within one person's control. In this social dilemma task, two players independently choose either to safely cooperate with, or riskily aggress against, the other player, and the unique combination of their choices specifies the outcome for each. Coupling the Chicken Game with psychophysiological measures, we confirmed our two hypotheses: that an individual perceives an outcome as most negative when she chooses to cooperate and the other player violates that trust and aggresses, and that motivational salience of an outcome is greater when an individual chooses to aggress and when she gains money.

Eye movements of second language learners when reading spaced and unspaced Chinese text.

The effect of spacing in relation to word segmentation was examined for four groups of non-native Chinese speakers (American, Korean, Japanese, and Thai) who were learning Chinese as second language. Chinese sentences with four types of spacing information were used: unspaced text, word-spaced text, character-spaced text, and nonword-spaced text. Also, participants' native languages were different in terms of their basic characteristics: English and Korean are spaced, whereas the other two are unspaced; Japanese is character based whereas the other three are alphabetic.

Electrophysiological correlates of reading the single- and interactive-mind.

Understanding minds is the cognitive basis of successful social interaction. In everyday life, human mental activity often happens at the moment of social interaction among two or multiple persons instead of only one-person. Understanding the interactive mind of two- or multi-person is more complex and higher than understanding the single-person mind in the hierarchical structure of theory of mind.