Correction to: A randomised controlled trial of a mitochondrial therapeutic target for bipolar depression: mitochondrial agents, N-acetylcysteine, and placebo.

The original article [1] contained two minor errors.

A randomised controlled trial of a mitochondrial therapeutic target for bipolar depression: mitochondrial agents, N-acetylcysteine, and placebo.

Background: A phasic dysregulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics may operate in bipolar disorder, increased in mania and decreased in depression. We aimed to examine efficacy of two add-on treatments in bipolar depression: N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and NAC with a combination of nutraceutical agents that may increase mitochondrial biogenesis.

Methods: A three-arm 16-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial, adjunctive to usual treatment, was conducted.

Ventricular volumes across stages of schizophrenia and other psychoses.

Objective: Ventricular enlargement is common in established schizophrenia; however, data from ultra high-risk for psychosis and first-episode psychosis studies are inconclusive. This study aims to investigate ventricular volumes at different stages of psychosis.

Methods: Ventricular volumes were measured using a semi-automated and highly reliable method, for 89 established schizophrenia, 162 first-episode psychosis, 135 ultra high-risk for psychosis and 87 healthy controls using 1.

Adjunctive minocycline treatment for major depressive disorder: A proof of concept trial.

Objective: Conventional antidepressant treatments result in symptom remission in 30% of those treated for major depressive disorder, raising the need for effective adjunctive therapies. Inflammation has an established role in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder, and minocycline has been shown to modify the immune-inflammatory processes and also reduce oxidative stress and promote neuronal growth. This double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial examined adjunctive minocycline (200 mg/day, in addition to treatment as usual) for major depressive disorder.

Adjunctive low-dose docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) for major depression: An open-label pilot trial.

Overview: Whilst the majority of evidence supports the adjunctive use of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in improving mood, to date no study exists using low-dose docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) alone as an adjunctive treatment in patients with mild to moderate major depressive disorder (MDD).

Methods: A naturalistic 8-week open-label pilot trial of low-dose DHA, (260 mg or 520 mg/day) in 28 patients with MDD who were non-responsive to medication or psychotherapy, with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) score of greater than 17, was conducted. Primary outcomes of depression, clinical severity, and daytime sleepiness were measured.

N-Acetyl Cysteine (NAC) in the Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A 16-Week, Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Study.

Background: Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a disabling mental illness for which pharmacological and psychosocial interventions are all too often inadequate. Recent preclinical and clinical studies have implicated dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission in the pathophysiology of OCD. The amino acid-based nutraceutical N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a safe and readily available agent that has been found to modify the synaptic release of glutamate in subcortical brain regions via modulation of the cysteine-glutamate antiporter.

Predictors of Seizure Threshold in Right Unilateral Ultrabrief Electroconvulsive Therapy: Role of Concomitant Medications and Anaesthesia Used.

Background: An individualized approach to maximize electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) efficacy and minimize cognitive side effects is to treat patients relative to their seizure threshold (ST). However, although Right Unilateral-Ultrabrief (0.3 ms) (RUL-UB) ECT is increasingly used in clinical settings as an effective form of ECT with minimal cognitive effects, there is sparse data regarding predictors of ST.

Design and rationale of a 16-week adjunctive randomized placebo-controlled trial of mitochondrial agents for the treatment of bipolar depression.

Objective: Bipolar disorder places a significant burden on individuals, caregivers and family, and the broader community. Current treatments are believed to be more effective against manic symptoms, leaving a shortfall in recovery during the depressive phase of the illness. The current study draws on recent evidence suggesting that, in addition to increased oxidative load, alterations in mitochondrial function occur in bipolar disorder.

Effects of COMT, DRD2, BDNF, and APOE Genotypic Variation on Treatment Efficacy and Cognitive Side Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the main and interaction effects of the COMT Val158Met, DRD2 C957T, BDNF Val66Met, and APOE polymorphisms on treatment efficacy and cognitive side effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).

Methods: A total of 117 adult inpatients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder recruited from 3 hospitals were administered the Montgomery-Äsberg Depression Rating Scale and a cognitive battery assessing global cognition, anterograde memory, executive function, speed and concentration, as well as retrograde memory at baseline and after ECT treatment.

Results: DRD2 C957T heterozygotes had 3.

A new early cognitive screening measure to detect cognitive side-effects of electroconvulsive therapy?

Cognitive side-effects from electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) can be distressing for patients and early detection may have an important role in guiding treatment decisions over the ECT course. This prospective study examined the utility of an early cognitive screening battery for predicting cognitive side-effects which develop later in the ECT course. The screening battery, together with the Mini Mental Status Examination (MMSE), was administered to 123 patients at baseline and after 3 ECT treatments.

Pharmacogenetic polymorphisms and response to escitalopram and venlafaxine over 8 weeks in major depression.

Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the influence of the 5-HTTLPR (serotonin transporter-linked promoter region), cytochrome P450 2C19, and cytochrome P450 2D6 polymorphisms on escitalopram (ESC) and venlafaxine (VEN) responses in major depressive disorder.

Method: A prospective multi-site study of 106 patients (Caucasian and Han Chinese ethnicities) with major depressive disorder treated with either ESC or VEN was conducted. The 17-item Hamilton Depression scale (HDRS), Clinical Global Impression Scale, and an adverse events scale (UKU) were assessed over 8 weeks, blind to genotype.

Aripiprazole as augmentation therapy in bipolar patients with current minor or subsyndromal mood symptoms.

Background: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of aripiprazole augmentation of maintenance treatment for bipolar disorder in patients with minor or subsyndromal mood episodes while on a stable dose of a mood stabiliser and/or antidepressant.

Methods: All subjects had a diagnosis of bipolar I or II disorder (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th Edition, Text Revision). Open-label aripiprazole was given over 8 weeks initially.

Medication attitudes and beliefs in patients with psychotic and affective disorders on maintenance treatment.

Rationale: Patient attitudes and beliefs regarding the cost-benefits of medications may influence treatment adherence. However, beliefs and attitudes about psychotropic medications have not been well studied across different clinical populations.

Objective: This study sought to compare medication attitudes, beliefs, and clinical characteristics in patients with psychotic disorders versus those with affective disorders.

Pituitary volume predicts future transition to psychosis in individuals at ultra-high risk of developing psychosis.

Background: We examined pituitary volume before the onset of psychosis in subjects who were at ultra-high risk (UHR) for developing psychosis.

Methods: Pituitary volume was measured on 1.5-mm, coronal, 1.

Pituitary volume in psychosis.

Background: Patients with psychosis have activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis during the acute phase of the psychosis. Whether this has any morphological consequences for the pituitary gland is currently unknown.

Aims: To examine pituitary volume variation in people at different stages of psychotic disorder.

Morphology of the anterior cingulate cortex in young men at ultra-high risk of developing a psychotic illness.

Background: The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is consistently implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and our own work has identified morphological anomalies in the ACC of people with this disorder.

Aims: To examine whether ACC morphological anomalies are present in a group at ultra-high risk of psychosis and whether such anomalies can be used to predict the subsequent development of a psychotic illness.

Method: Magnetic resonance imaging of 75 healthy volunteers and 63 people at ultra-high risk of developing a psychotic disorder (all right-handed males) was used to examine ACC sulcal and gyral features.

Increased duration of illness is associated with reduced volume in right medial temporal/anterior cingulate grey matter in patients with chronic schizophrenia.

It is unclear whether the neuroanatomical abnormalities associated with schizophrenia change over the course of the disorder. We addressed this issue by examining whether the magnitude of structural brain abnormalities in patients with chronic schizophrenia was related to their duration of illness. Thirty-nine subjects with schizophrenia (34 male, 5 female, range of illness duration 2-31 years) were scanned using magnetic resonance imaging.

Paracingulate morphologic differences in males with established schizophrenia: a magnetic resonance imaging morphometric study.

Background: Our previous work on sulcal-gyral brain morphology in healthy volunteers revealed that males were characterized by greater cortical folding in the left versus right anterior cingulate cortex. Given the evidence showing an absence or reversal of normal anatomical asymmetries in patients with schizophrenia, the current study examined the anterior cingulate cortex sulcal-gyral patterns in patients with schizophrenia.

Methods: Using high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging, we examined anterior cingulate cortex surface morphology in a group of 55 patients with established schizophrenia and 75 healthy controls.

Intravesical capsaicin for the treatment of interstitial cystitis: a pilot study.

OBJECTIVES: To study the safety and efficacy of intravesically administered capsaicin, a C-fiber afferent neurotoxin, in patients with interstitial cystitis (IC). METHODS: A pilot study of intravesical capsaicin therapy was performed on 5 female patients diagnosed with IC using NIDDK criteria. Patients were evaluated with cystoscopy and CMG on initial presentation.