Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Heterocycles via Rhodium(III)-Catalyzed C-H Activation: Norbornadiene as an Acetylene Equivalent.

General procedures for the rhodium-catalyzed annulation of aryl/heteroaryl -pivaloyl hydroxamic acids and norbornadiene have been developed. Employing norbornadiene as an acetylene equivalent enables utilization of diverse heterocyclic substrates for this transformation which fail to react or undergo competitive Lossen rearrangement under previously reported conditions. Microwave heating significantly reduces reaction times compared to conventional protocols and allows a one-step process to be realized.

FNDC5/Irisin in dementia and cognitive impairment: update and novel perspective.

Epidemiological surveys show that the incidence of age-related dementia and cognitive impairment is increasing and it has been a heavy burden for society, families, and healthcare systems, making the preservation of cognitive function in an increasingly aging population a major challenge. Exercise is beneficial for brain health, and FDNC5/irisin, a new exercise-induced myokine, is thought to be a beneficial mediator to cognitive function and plays an important role in the crosstalk between skeletal muscle and brain. This review provides a critical assessment of the recent progress in both fundamental and clinical research of FDNC5/irisin in dementia and cognitive impairment-related disorders.

Epidemiology of lean/non-obese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and metabolic characteristics of lean/non-obese (L/NO) nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in China.

Methods: The databses, inlcuding PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, as well as Cochrane databases, were retrieved for eligible studies. The prevalence together with clinical features of L/NO-NAFLD in China were analyzed using a random/fixed effects model.

Physiological Functions of FBW7 in Metabolism.

FBW7 is the recognition subunit of the SCF (Skp1-Cullin1-F-box proteins) E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, and it determines the specificity of the SCF substrate. SCFFBW7 is a recognized tumor suppressor because of its ability to degrade many proto-oncogenic substrates. Recent studies have shown that FBW7 plays a key role in metabolism by targeting the degradation of critical regulators involved in cellular metabolism in a ubiquitin-dependent manner.

FSH modulated cartilage ECM metabolism by targeting the PKA/CREB/SOX9 pathway.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration. The prevalence of OA is higher among women than men, and this prevalence is closely related to menopause. The classic view assumes that the underlying mechanism of postmenopausal OA is attributed to declining estrogen levels.

FSH directly regulates chondrocyte dedifferentiation and cartilage development.

Previous studies suggest that postmenopausal osteoarthritis is linked to a decrease in estrogen levels. However, whether follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the upstream hormone of estrogen, affects cartilage destruction and thus contributes to the onset of osteoarthritis has never been explored. To evaluate the potential involvement of FSH in joint degeneration and to identify the molecular mechanisms through which FSH influences chondrocytes, mouse cartilage chondrocytes and the ATDC5 chondrocyte cell line were treated with FSH and inhibitors of intracellular signaling pathways.

Follicle-stimulating hormone enhances hepatic gluconeogenesis by GRK2-mediated AMPK hyperphosphorylation at Ser485 in mice.

Aims/hypothesis: Increased serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is correlated with fasting hyperglycaemia. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Because excessive hepatic gluconeogenesis is a major cause of fasting hyperglycaemia the present study investigated whether FSH increases hepatic gluconeogenesis in mice.

Expression of FSHR in chondrocytes and the effect of FSH on chondrocytes.

Objective: Chondrocytes express many kinds of hormone receptors. The function of Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in the ovary is mediated by FSH receptor (FSHR). FSH receptor (FSHR) is found in many non-ovarian tissues, however it has been unclear if chondrocytes express FSHR.

Quantum frequency down-conversion of bright amplitude-squeezed states.

We demonstrate experimentally the quantum frequency down-conversion of a bright amplitude-squeezed optical field via a high efficiency difference frequency generation process. 532 nm amplitude-squeezed light with squeezing of 1.0 dB is successfully translated to 810 nm amplitude-squeezed light with squeezing of 0.