Effects of the seedling tray overlapping for seed emergence mode on emergence characteristics and growth of rice seedlings.

Seedling mode plays a crucial role in the rice production process, as it significantly affects the growth and development of seedlings. Among the various seedling modes, the seedling tray overlapping for seed emergence mode (STOSE mode) has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing seedling quality. However, the impact of this mode on the germination and growth of seeds with varying plumpness remains uncertain.

Leaf surface characteristics affect the deposition and distribution of droplets in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

We studied the effects of leaf surface characteristics on canopy droplet behaviour using two rice cultivars with similar leaf shapes but significantly different leaf surface characteristics: Jia58 (glabrous rice; smooth leaf surface and no burrs) and Yongyou12 (hairy-leaved rice; rough leaf surface covered with burrs). The plants were subjected to spray tests with different spray pressures and nozzle apertures. The results showed that the deposition amount per unit leaf area was significantly higher in the Yongyou12 canopy than in the Jia58 canopy.

The nitrogen topdressing mode of indica-japonica and indica hybrid rice are different after side-deep fertilization with machine transplanting.

Determination of the optimal fertilization method is crucial to maximize nitrogen use efficiency and yield of different rice cultivars. Side-deep fertilization with controlled-release nitrogen, in conjunction with machine transplanting and subsequent topdressing, was applied to Indica-japonica hybrid rice 'Yongyou1540' (YY1540) and indica hybrid rice 'Tianyouhuazhan' (TYHZ). Four nitrogen treatments were applied in 2018 and 2019: traditional nitrogen application with quick-release nitrogen (T), single-dose deep fertilization at transplanting with 100% controlled-release nitrogen (T), and deep fertilization of 70% controlled-release nitrogen and topdressing of 30% quick nitrogen at tillering (T), or at panicle initiation (T).

Genetic analysis of rice seedling traits related to machine transplanting under different seeding densities.

Background: Due to the diversity of rice varieties and cropping systems in China, the limitation of seeding density and seedling quality makes it hard to improve machine-transplanted efficiency. Previous studies have shown that indica and japonica varieties varied in machine transplanting efficiency and optimal seeding density. In this study, a RIL population derived from '9311' and 'Nipponbare' were performed to explore the seedling traits variations and the genetic mechanism under three seeding densities.

Generation of late Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in the Hailar Basin, northeastern China in response to overprinting of multiple tectonic regimes.

We performed zircon U-Pb age dating and geochemical analyses of late Mesozoic felsic volcanic rocks in the Hailar Basin, NE China, with the aim of eclucidating their emplacement ages, origin and geodynamic significance. The volcanic rocks consist of dacites, rhyolites and rhyolitic tuffs. Laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry zircon U-Pb dating results suggest that the rocks were erupted during the Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous (161-117 Ma).

Comparative transcriptome analysis of panicle development under heat stress in two rice ( L.) cultivars differing in heat tolerance.

Heat stress inhibits rice panicle development and reduces the spikelet number per panicle. This study investigated the mechanism involved in heat-induced damage to panicle development and spikelet formation in rice cultivars that differ in heat tolerance. Transcriptome data from developing panicles grown at 40 °C or 32 °C were compared for two rice cultivars: heat-tolerant Huanghuazhan and heat-susceptible IR36.

Mechanized transplanting with side deep fertilization increases yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice in Eastern China.

The application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer deep in soil at the same time as mechanical transplanting of rice seedlings is an effective alternative to conventional broadcasting of fertilizer, but its effects on yields and profitability have not been analysed in detail. Here, we analysed the effects of a side deep application of N fertilizer at transplanting on the N uptake, N use efficiency (NUE), grain yield, and economic profitability of two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars; Yongxian15 (early season) and Yongyou1540 (middle/late season).

Reduced bioactive gibberellin content in rice seeds under low temperature leads to decreased sugar consumption and low seed germination rates.

GA is important for rice seed germination, and seed embryo growth relies on sugar supplementation via starch hydrolysis in the endosperm. Low temperature reduces the seed germination rates of rice; however, the mechanism of GA metabolism and its impact on sugar utilization of germinating seeds under low temperature conditions remain poorly understood. In this study, low-temperature (15 °C) treatment delayed rice (Oryza sativa L.

Effects of Post-Anthesis Nitrogen Uptake and Translocation on Photosynthetic Production and Rice Yield.

Post-anthesis nitrogen uptake and translocation play critical roles in photosynthetic assimilation and grain filling. However, their effects on leaf stay-green characteristics, dry matter accumulation, and translocation after anthesis remain unclear. In this study, post-anthesis N uptake and translocation between two different rice genotypes (Yongyou12 and Zhongzheyou1) were compared through soil nitrogen leaching treatments at the meiosis stage (MST) and anthesis stage(AST) respectively, and their effects on leaf stay-green duration, photosynthesis, dry matter accumulation and translocation during ripening and yield formation were estimated.

Transcriptomic Analysis of Gibberellin- and Paclobutrazol-Treated Rice Seedlings under Submergence.

Submergence stress is a limiting factor for rice growing in rainfed lowland areas of the world. It is known that the phytohormone gibberellin (GA) has negative effects on submergence tolerance in rice, while its inhibitor paclobutrazol (PB) does the opposite. However, the physiological and molecular basis underlying the GA- and PB-regulated submergence response remains largely unknown.

Effects of Low Temperature Stress on Spikelet-Related Parameters during Anthesis in Hybrid Rice.

Poor spikelet fertility under low temperature (LT) stress during anthesis limits the possibility of high yield potential in hybrid rice, leading to reduced stability of grain yield. However, the cause for it is still unclear. In this study, three hybrid rice cultivars, Yongyou9, Yongyou17 (both cold sensitive), and Yongyou538, and one inbred rice cultivar, Zhejing88 (cold tolerant), were grown under LT (17°C) and ambient temperature (AT) (25°C) during anthesis to test for their response with respect to spikelet fertility, pollen germination, and spikelet flowering.

Genetic algorithm based approach to optimize phenotypical traits of virtual rice.

How to select and combine good traits of rice to get high-production individuals is one of the key points in developing crop ideotype cultivation technologies. Existing cultivation methods for producing ideal plants, such as field trials and crop modeling, have some limits. In this paper, we propose a method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) and a functional-structural plant model (FSPM) to optimize plant types of virtual rice by dynamically adjusting phenotypical traits.

Schiff Base Substituent-Triggered Efficient Deboration Reaction and Its Application in Highly Sensitive Hydrogen Peroxide Vapor Detection.

The organic thin-film fluorescence probe, with the advantages of not polluting the analyte and fast response, has attracted much attention in explosive detection. Different with nitro explosives, the peroxide-based explosives are hardly to be detected because of their poor ultraviolet absorption and lack of an aromatic ring. As the signature compound of peroxide-based explosives, H2O2 vapor detection became more and more important.

Concise and Efficient Fluorescent Probe via an Intromolecular Charge Transfer for the Chemical Warfare Agent Mimic Diethylchlorophosphate Vapor Detection.

Sarin, used as chemical warfare agents (CWAs) for terrorist attacks, can induce a number of virulent effects. Therefore, countermeasures which could realize robust and convenient detection of sarin are in exigent need. A concise charge-transfer colorimetric and fluorescent probe (4-(6-(tert-butyl)pyridine-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline, TBPY-TPA) that could be capable of real-time and on-site monitoring of DCP vapor was reported in this contribution.

[Effects of low temperature on formation of spikelets and grain filling of indica inbred rice during panicle initiation in early-season].

A pot experiment in phytotron with controlled temperature was conducted to examine the effects of low temperature (LT) on differentiation and retrogression of branches and spikelets and grain filling of rice during panicle initiation (PI). In this study, indica inbred rice called Zhong-jiazaol7 was planted and treated at 17 and 20 °C of LT during primary branches anlage differentiation (II) and pollen mother cell meiosis stage (VI) of PI. The results showed that the numbers of differentiated and survived branches per panicle were significantly reduced under LT treatment compared with control, and the number of survived spikelets was significantly decreased by 7.

A simple but highly efficient multi-formyl phenol-amine system for fluorescence detection of peroxide explosive vapour.

A simple, highly stable, sensitive and selective fluorescent system for peroxide explosives was developed via an aromatic aldehyde oxidation reaction. The high efficiency arises from its higher HOMO level and multiple H-bonding. The sensitivity is obtained to be 0.

Low pH-induced changes of antioxidant enzyme and ATPase activities in the roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings.

Soil acidification is the main problem in the current rice production. Here, the effects of low pH on the root growth, reactive oxygen species metabolism, plasma membrane functions, and the transcript levels of the related genes were investigated in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) in a hydroponic system at pH 3.

Femtogram level detection of nitrate ester explosives via an 8-pyrenyl-substituted fluorene dimer bridged by a 1,6-hexanyl unit.

Compared with nitroaromatic explosives detection, nitrate esters are far from wide attention possibly because of their shortage of aromatic ring and difficulty in being detected. Three fluorescent chemical probes for trace nitrate ester detection: an intramolecular dimer (P3) of 8-pyrenyl-substituted fluorenes bridged by a 1,6-hexanyl unit as well as its counterparts 2PR-F (P1) and 2PR-Cz (P2) has been synthesized and characterized. Their chemical structures and photophysical and electrochemical properties show that the dimer P3 film has a higher molar extinction coefficient, larger steric hindrance, higher area-to-volume ratio, and matching energy level with nitrate ester explosives, which contributes to higher sensitivity and moderate selectivity for sensing of nitrate ester explosives such as nitroglycerin (NG).

A mild and catalyst-free conversion of solid phase benzylidenemalononitrile/benzylidenemalonate to N-benzylidene-amine and its application for fluorescence detection of primary alkyl amine vapor.

A new rapid and catalyst-free solid/vapor reaction between benzylidenemalonate/benzylidenemalononitrile and primary alkyl amines was found. With these as sensory units of fluorescent polymers, probes for primary amine vapor with high sensitivity and selectivity were developed.

A BODIPY dye as a reactive chromophoric/fluorogenic probe for selective and quick detection of vapors of secondary amines.

A new reaction based fluorescence turn-off strategy for detection of secondary amines was developed. The probe shows fast response and high selectivity to secondary amines in solution/film at sub-ppm levels through chromogenic and fluorescent dual-mode signal changes.

A highly efficient fluorescent sensor of explosive peroxide vapor via ZnO nanorod array catalyzed deboronation of pyrenyl borate.

A new strategy capable of detecting explosive peroxide vapor via deboronation reaction induced fluorescence quenching has been developed. Using ordered assembly arrays of ZnO nanorods as catalyzing substrates, the deboronation reaction was 42 times faster than that on quartz substrates, which resulted in a very fast response and high sensitivity.

Sensitivity gains in chemosensing by optical and structural modulation of ordered assembly arrays of ZnO nanorods.

Nanomaterials and -structures have attracted much attention owing to their applications to ultrasensitive nanodevices. In this work, ordered assembly arrays of ZnO nanorods have been hydrothermally fabricated and used as optical substrates of fluorescence sensors for toxic vapors. The unique fastigiate nanorod assembly combines merits of single fibers and clusters, possessing identical orientation, large surface-to-volume ratio, evanescent transmission, and evanescent coupling.

Turn on fluorescence sensing of vapor phase electron donating amines via tetraphenylporphyrin or metallophenylporphrin doped polyfluorene.

A sensitive, selective, reversible, and easy performance way of detecting electron donating volatile amines such as abused drug methamphetamine (MAPA) has been developed.

Research priorities for rice pest management in tropical Asia: a simulation analysis of yield losses and management efficiencies.

ABSTRACT A simulation study was conducted to assess the current and prospective efficiency of rice pest management and develop research priorities for lowland production situations in tropical Asia. Simulation modeling with the RICEPEST model provided the flexibility required to address varying production situations and diverse pest profiles (bacterial leaf blight, sheath blight, brown spot, leaf blast, neck blast, sheath rot, white heads, dead hearts, brown plant-hoppers, insect defoliators, and weeds). Operational definitions for management efficacy (injury reduction) and management efficiency (yield gain) were developed.