Leishmaniasis, a vector-borne disease, is caused by intracellular parasite . Unlike most intracellular pathogens, are lodged in parasitophorous vacuoles and replicate within the phagolysosomes in macrophages. Effective vaccines against this disease are still under development, while the efficacy of the available drugs is being questioned owing to the toxicity for nonspecific distribution in human physiology and the reported drug-resistance developed by .
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