Noninvasive blood glucose sensing by secondary speckle pattern artificial intelligence analyses.

Significance: Diabetes is a prevalent disease worldwide that can cause severe health problems. Accurate blood glucose detection is crucial for diabetes management, and noninvasive methods can be more convenient and less painful than traditional finger-prick methods.

Aim: We aim to report a noncontact speckle-based blood glucose measurement system that utilizes artificial intelligence (AI) data processing to improve glucose detection accuracy.

Non-invasive blood glucose sensing by machine learning of optic fiber-based speckle pattern variation.

Significance: The ability to perform frequent non-invasive monitoring of glucose in the bloodstream is very applicable for diabetic patients.

Aim: We experimentally verified a non-invasive multimode fiber-based technique for sensing glucose concentration in the bloodstream by extracting and analyzing the collected speckle patterns.

Approach: The proposed sensor consists of a laser source, digital camera, computer, multimode fiber, and alternating current (AC) generated magnetic field source.

Organobase triggered controlled supramolecular ring opening polymerization and 2D assembly.

A carboxylic acid appended naphthalene-diimide (NDI) derivative spontaneously aggregates in decane to generate a kinetically controlled product with irregular fibrillar morphology. By fine-tuning the sample preparation conditions, the carboxylic acid group can be trapped by intra-molecular H-bonds with the adjacent imide carbonyl, which retards the spontaneous aggregation. In the presence of a catalytic amount of a non-nucleophilic organic base (DBU or DMAP), the meta-stable monomer exhibits supramolecular polymerization through a thermodynamically controlled pathway involving simultaneous H-bonding and π-stacking and generates ultra-thin 2D nano-sheets.

Pathway Diversity Leads to 2D-Nanostructure in Photo-triggered Supramolecular Assembly.

This Communication reports photo-triggered supramolecular assembly of a naphthalene-diimide (NDI) derivative, appended with a photo-labile ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB)-ester protected carboxylic acid. Photo-irradiation produces the free COOH group which facilitates H-bonding-driven face-to-face stacking of the NDI chromophores producing an ultra-thin (height <2.0 nm) two-dimensional (2D) nanosheet.

Controllable supramolecular polymerization via a chain-growth mechanism.

A naphthalene-diimide appended carboxylic acid either spontaneously self-assembles (P) by an open-chain H-bonding or can be arrested in an intra-molecularly H-bonded monomeric state (M) depending on the sample preparation method. Sonication of P produces a seed (S) that triggers controllable supramolecular polymerization (SP) of M via a chain growth route with first order kinetics, a tunable mesoscopic structure and a living nature as demonstrated by the chain-extension up to three cycles. SP of an achiral M, initiated by a chiral S, illustrates chiral amplification by the "sergeant and soldiers" effect.

Cooperative supramolecular polymerization of a perylene diimide derivative and its impact on electron-transporting properties.

H-bonding-promoted supramolecular polymerization of a perylene diimide (PDI) building block and its impact on charge carrier mobility were studied. PDI-1, containing a carboxylic acid group, exhibits H-aggregation in a non-polar solvent decalin while in THF or chloroform it remains in the monomeric form. In contrast, the control molecule PDI-2, containing an ester group does not show aggregation even in decalin, indicating that H-bonding among the carboxylic acid is primarily responsible for H-aggregation, which is further verified by the FT-IR study.

Phototriggered Supramolecular Polymerization.

Photo-initiated supramolecular polymerization of a naphthalenediimide (NDI-1) derivative containing an ortho-nitrobenzyl (ONB)-protected amide group is demonstrated. In a hydrocarbon solvent (methylcyclohexane), it remains as monomer. Upon photo-irradiation, deprotection of the ONB group produces NDI-2 with a free amide group, which drives supramolecular polymerization by self-complementary H-bonding between the amide groups, leading to gelation.