RSPO2 as Wnt signaling enabler: Important roles in cancer development and therapeutic opportunities.

R-spondins are secretory proteins localized in the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi bodies and are processed through the secretory pathway. Among the R-spondin family, RSPO2 has emanated as a novel regulator of Wnt signaling, which has now been acknowledged in numerous and studies. Cancer is an abnormal growth of cells that proliferates and spreads uncontrollably due to the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic factors that constitutively activate Wnt signaling in various types of cancer.

HIF-1α regulates the expression of the non-conventional isoform of the cd5 gene in T cells under the hypoxic condition: A potential mechanism for CD5 phenotype of infiltrating cells in solid tumors.

CD5, a T-cell receptor (TCR) negative regulator, is reduced on the surface of CD8+ lymphocytes in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Reduced surface CD5 expression (sCD5) occurs due to the preferential transcription of HERV-E derived exon E1B, i.e.