Radiographs in Pediatric Rheumatology: Where Do We Stand?

Rheumatic disorders in children include inflammatory arthritis, inflammatory bone disorders such as chronic nonbacterial osteomyelitis (CNO), connective tissue disorders, and vasculitides (juvenile dermatomyositis, scleroderma). The diagnosis in these children is based on a combination of history, clinical examination, and laboratory investigations. Radiographs play an important role in children with arthritis, who have atypical presentation or for assessment of disease-related damage and differentiation from mimics.

Endemic pediatric fungal infections in India: clues to diagnosis.

This review is intended to familiarize readers with an emerging group of fungal infections that mostly manifest in immunocompetent individuals. This group was initially considered endemic to the tropics, but increasing worldwide prevalence has been reported. The organisms have been divided into dominant non-invasive forms and dominant invasive forms for ease of understanding.

Reproducibility and Explainability of Deep Learning in Mammography: A Systematic Review of Literature.

 Although abundant literature is currently available on the use of deep learning for breast cancer detection in mammography, the quality of such literature is widely variable.  To evaluate published literature on breast cancer detection in mammography for reproducibility and to ascertain best practices for model design.  The PubMed and Scopus databases were searched to identify records that described the use of deep learning to detect lesions or classify images into cancer or noncancer.

Current status of pediatric radiology in India: a perspective.

This review is a bird's eye view of the practice of pediatric radiology in India. The key focus of this article is training, certification and employment opportunities for radiologists aspiring to specialise in pediatric radiology. Further, we have traced the growth in academic and research opportunities over the past two decades, as well as given a peep into the future trajectory of this speciality.

Diagnostic accuracy of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging versus positron emission tomography-computed tomography for the staging of pediatric lymphoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been investigated by multiple authors as a radiation-free alternative to positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET-CT) in children with lymphoma.

Objective: To evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of whole-body MRI compared to PET-CT for the staging of pediatric lymphoma.

Methods: The databases PubMed, Embase, and Scopus were searched for studies that reported the accuracy of whole-body MRI compared to PET-CT for lymphoma staging in children.

Can Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging Predict Relapse in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis? A Longitudinal Pilot Study.

Objective: To determine the utility of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB MRI) to predict relapse in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) in clinical remission.

Methods: Consecutive patients with JIA who fulfilled the Wallace criteria for remission were recruited into this longitudinal pilot study and underwent WB MRI. A radiological score was devised, incorporating synovitis, bone marrow edema, sacroiliitis, enthesitis, and bone erosions.

Transperineal Ultrasound as an Adjunctive Modality in the Evaluation of 'H or N' Type of Recto-urethral Fistula: Technical Note.

Anorectal malformations (ARMs) encompass a complex spectrum of congenital anomalies and H/N type anorectal malformations are extremely rare. In the presence of colostomy, an augmented pressure colostogram with or without retrograde or micturating cystourethrogram is the investigation of choice. Transperineal ultrasound is an imaging technique that allows a fairly accurate morphological assessment of ARMs along with dynamic evaluation of the anorectal structures and pelvic floor anatomy.

Pediatric lung ultrasonography: current perspectives.

Ultrasonography (US) is the workhorse of pediatric imaging; however, lung US is only a recently developed application. US of the lung is based predominantly on the imaging of chest wall-air-fluid interfaces. In this review, we summarize the available literature on applications of lung US in neonatal as well as pediatric care.

Basic principles of AI simplified for a Medical Practitioner: Pearls and Pitfalls in Evaluating AI algorithms.

With the rapid integration of artificial intelligence into medical practice, there has been an exponential increase in the number of scientific papers and industry players offering models designed for various tasks. Understanding these, however, is difficult for a radiologist in practice, given the core mathematical principles and complicated terminology involved. This review aims to elucidate the core mathematical concepts of both machine learning and deep learning models, explaining the various steps and common terminology in common layman language.

Ultrasound-guided Percutaneous Embolization of Post Renal Biopsy Gonadal Artery Pseudoaneurysm.

Hemorrhage is the most frequently encountered post renal biopsy complication; reported in 12% to 14% of patients. Although the vast majority of these are due to renal artery injury, involvement of gonadal arteries is also rarely seen. These may be managed by the endovascular route, which has several limitations in this subset of patients.

Imaging in extremity vascular trauma: can MDCT angiography predict the nature of injury?

Objective: This study aims to evaluate the utility of computed tomography angiography (CTA) signs of vascular injury in the differentiation of vessel transection from pure thrombosis with intact vessel wall.

Methods: Retrospective analysis was done on 146 consecutive patients who had undergone CTA and surgical exploration from January 2015 to September 2019. Twelve imaging parameters were assessed.

Walking the Risk-Benefit Tight Rope: A Case of Post Fine Needle Aspiration Haemorrhage in Extramedullary Plasmacytoma.

Background: Primary extramedullary plasmacytomas (EMP) are rare; however, secondary forms may be seen in ~10-15% of patients with systemic multiple myeloma (MM). The diagnosis of EMP is based on the demonstration of monoclonal plasma cells in the lesion, which requires tissue sampling.

Case Presentation: We present a case of a 38 year old female with MM who underwent diagnostic US at our institute.

Fibrosing Interstitial Lung Disease in Children: An HRCT-Based Analysis.

Objective: To determine high resolution CT (HRCT) patterns of pulmonary fibrosis (PF) in children; and their etiological correlates.

Methods: This was a retrospective study involving 149 children with diffuse lung disease (DLD). Patterns of involvement were classified based on dominant lung finding as ground glass opacity (GGO) dominant, nodule dominant, cystic lung disease, or PF.

Can imaging suggest the aetiology in skull base osteomyelitis? A systematic literature review.

Purpose: To assess differentiating features between bacterial, , and skull base osteomyelitis (SBO) with regard to clinical presentation and imaging appearances.

Material And Methods: A literature search was performed in April 2020 for studies on SBO with a minimum sample size of 10 patients. Studies that reported presenting symptoms, cross-sectional imaging findings, complications, and mortality were included in the analysis.

Transcutaneous Mediastinal Ultrasonography for Lymphadenopathy in Children: A Pictorial Essay of Technique and Imaging Findings.

Ultrasonography (US) forms the mainstay of imaging in children; however, in the chest, its use has traditionally been limited to evaluation of pleural pathology. US techniques such as endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound, which are commonly used for detection of mediastinal lymphadenopathy are invasive, aerosol generating, and often require sedation. Transcutaneous mediastinal sonography (TMUS) offers a useful alternative, which is easier to perform and overcomes these limitations.

Predicting Histology of Tracheobronchial Neoplasms: A CT Based Differentiation Model.

Background: Tracheobronchial (TB) tumors follow same pathological classification as lung neoplasms; however, some entities are known to favor airways. Distinction of pathological types is necessary for suggesting appropriate management strategy.

Purpose: To evaluate utility of multidetector CT (MDCT) in differentiation of primary TB tumors; and assess validity of a scoring system based on imaging biomarkers to differentiate tumor types.

Algorithmic Approach to Sonography of Adnexal Masses: An Evolving Paradigm.

Background: Pelvic US remains the workhorse for detection and characterization of adnexal masses in most centers worldwide. While the differentiation of benign from malignant masses remains the foremost concern, it is imperative to narrow the differential diagnosis for management of benign masses as well as prognostication of malignant masses. The IOTA group as well as ACR have described a five category classification system for adnexal lesions based on morphological patterns.