Elliptical ejecta of asteroid Dimorphos is due to its surface curvature.

Kinetic deflection is a planetary defense technique delivering spacecraft momentum to a small body to deviate its course from Earth. The deflection efficiency depends on the impactor and target. Among them, the contribution of global curvature was poorly understood.

Intranasal Delivery of Cell-Penetrating Therapeutic Peptide Enhances Brain Delivery, Reduces Inflammation, and Improves Neurologic Function in Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury.

Following traumatic brain injury (TBI), secondary brain damage due to chronic inflammation is the most predominant cause of the delayed onset of mood and memory disorders. Currently no therapeutic approach is available to effectively mitigate secondary brain injury after TBI. One reason is the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which prevents the passage of most therapeutic agents into the brain.

Copper-Cystine Biohybrid-Embedded Nanofiber Aerogels Show Antibacterial and Angiogenic Properties.

Copper-cystine-based high aspect ratio structures (CuHARS) possess exceptional physical and chemical properties and exhibit remarkable biodegradability in human physiological conditions. Extensive testing has confirmed the biocompatibility and biodegradability of CuHARS under diverse biological conditions, making them a viable source of essential Cu. These ions are vital for catalyzing the production of nitric oxide (NO) from the decomposition of S-nitrosothiols (RSNOs) found in human blood.

Pediatric ADHD Medication Errors Reported to United States Poison Centers, 2000 to 2021.

Objectives: To investigate the characteristics and trends of out-of-hospital attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication-related therapeutic errors among youth <20 years old reported to US poison centers.

Methods: National Poison Data System data from 2000 through 2021 were analyzed. Population-based rates were calculated using US census data.

Momentum transfer from the DART mission kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos.

The NASA Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) mission performed a kinetic impact on asteroid Dimorphos, the satellite of the binary asteroid (65803) Didymos, at 23:14 UTC on 26 September 2022 as a planetary defence test. DART was the first hypervelocity impact experiment on an asteroid at size and velocity scales relevant to planetary defence, intended to validate kinetic impact as a means of asteroid deflection. Here we report a determination of the momentum transferred to an asteroid by kinetic impact.

Successful kinetic impact into an asteroid for planetary defence.

Although no known asteroid poses a threat to Earth for at least the next century, the catalogue of near-Earth asteroids is incomplete for objects whose impacts would produce regional devastation. Several approaches have been proposed to potentially prevent an asteroid impact with Earth by deflecting or disrupting an asteroid. A test of kinetic impact technology was identified as the highest-priority space mission related to asteroid mitigation.

A Rare Case Report of NEHI in a Preterm Infant with Review of the Literature.

Background: Neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia of infancy (NEHI) is a rare respiratory disorder. During infancy, it typically presents with hypoxemia, tachypnea, and respiratory distress, and is commonly misdiagnosed as common childhood illnesses such as pneumonia, reactive airway disease, or bronchiolitis. Lack of awareness about this relatively new and rare disorder in primary care and acute care settings lead to delayed diagnosis and unnecessary use of antibiotics.

COVID-19 Surveillance Testing in Secondary Schools: Findings and Barriers to Implementation.

Problem Considered: K-12 schools have shown minimal spread of COVID-19 when mitigation measures are employed. This study sought to determine baseline asymptomatic COVID-19 rates in secondary schools as students returned to full-time in-person learning with universal masking in place and to evaluate the logistical obstacles of implementing surveillance testing.

Methods: An observational cohort study lasting 11 weeks during spring 2021 included 2,288 students and staff in Wood County, Wisconsin.

Hybridization from Guest-Host Interactions Reduces the Thermal Conductivity of Metal-Organic Frameworks.

We experimentally and theoretically investigate the thermal conductivity and mechanical properties of polycrystalline HKUST-1 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) infiltrated with three guest molecules: tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F-TCNQ), and (cyclohexane-1,4-diylidene)dimalononitrile (H-TCNQ). This allows for modification of the interaction strength between the guest and host, presenting an opportunity to study the fundamental atomic scale mechanisms of how guest molecules impact the thermal conductivity of large unit cell porous crystals. The thermal conductivities of the guest@MOF systems decrease significantly, by on average a factor of 4, for all infiltrated samples as compared to the uninfiltrated, pristine HKUST-1.

Ion-Selective Membrane-Coated Graphene-Hexagonal Boron Nitride Heterostructures for Field-Effect Ion Sensing.

An intrinsic ion sensitivity exceeding the Nernst-Boltzmann limit and an sp -hybridized carbon structure make graphene a promising channel material for realizing ion-sensitive field-effect transistors with a stable solid-liquid interface under biased conditions in buffered salt solutions. Here, we examine the performance of graphene field-effect transistors coated with ion-selective membranes as a tool to selectively detect changes in concentrations of Ca, K, and Na in individual salt solutions as well as in buffered Locke's solution. Both the shift in the Dirac point and transconductance could be measured as a function of ion concentration with repeatability exceeding 99.

Negative Feedback Role of Astrocytes in Shaping Excitation in Brain Cell Co-cultures.

Glial cells play an important role in maintaining neuronal homeostasis and may thus influence excitability in epileptogenesis. These cells in the brain have glutamate (Glu) transporters, which remove this neurotransmitter from the extracellular space. Lack of negative (-) feedback makes local neuronal circuits more excitable and potentially contributing to epileptogenic phenomena.

The Immunomodulatory Potential of Copper and Silver Based Self-Assembled Metal Organic Biohybrids Nanomaterials in Cancer Theranostics.

Copper high aspect ratio structures (CuHARS) and silver cystine nanoparticles (AgCysNPs) are two unique micro/nano particles under study here that show extensive anti-cancer effects on a glioma tumor cell line. These micro/nano particles have shown potent toxicity in the presence of inflammatory stimulus (combination of tumor necrosis factor, [TNF] and lipo-polysaccharide, LPS). CuHARS with a concentration of 20 μg/ml uniquely increased the catalytic generation of nitric oxide (NO), an important contributor in the immune system.

Morphological Changes in Astrocytes by Self-Oxidation of Dopamine to Polydopamine and Quantification of Dopamine through Multivariate Regression Analysis of Polydopamine Images.

Astrocytes, also known as astroglia, are important cells for the structural support of neurons as well as for biochemical balance in the central nervous system (CNS). In this study, the polymerization of dopamine (DA) to polydopamine (PDA) and its effect on astrocytes was investigated. The polymerization of DA, being directly proportional to the DA concentration, raises the prospect of detecting DA concentration from PDA optically using image-processing techniques.

Efficient LRP1-Mediated Uptake and Low Cytotoxicity of Peptide L57 In Vitro Shows Its Promise as CNS Drug Delivery Vector.

Although an abundance of drug candidates exists which are aimed at the remediation of central nervous system (CNS) disorders, the utility of some are severely limited by their inability to cross the blood brain barrier. Potential drug delivery systems such as the Angiopep family of peptides have shown modest potential; however, there is a need for novel drug delivery candidates that incorporate peptidomimetics to enhance the efficiency of transcytosis, specificity, and biocompatibility. Here, we report on the first in vitro cellular uptake and cytotoxicity study of a peptidomimetic, cationic peptide, L57.

Observation of reduced thermal conductivity in a metal-organic framework due to the presence of adsorbates.

Whether the presence of adsorbates increases or decreases thermal conductivity in metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has been an open question. Here we report observations of thermal transport in the metal-organic framework HKUST-1 in the presence of various liquid adsorbates: water, methanol, and ethanol. Experimental thermoreflectance measurements were performed on single crystals and thin films, and theoretical predictions were made using molecular dynamics simulations.

Tagged Halloysite Nanotubes as a Carrier for Intercellular Delivery in Brain Microvascular Endothelium.

Neurological disorders that are characterized by unpredictable seizures affect people of all ages. We proposed the use of nanocarriers such as halloysite nanotubes to penetrate the blood-brain barrier and effectively deliver the payload over an extended time period. These 50-nm diameter tubes are a natural biocompatible nanomaterial available in large quantities.

Cellulose-based biomaterials integrated with copper-cystine hybrid structures as catalysts for nitric oxide generation.

Bionanocomposite materials were developed from the assembly of polymer-coated copper-cystine high-aspect ratio structures (CuHARS) and cellulose fibers. The coating of the metal-organic materials with polyallylamine hydrochloride (PAH) allows their covalent linkage to TEMPO-oxidized cellulose by means of EDC/NHS. The resulting materials can be processed as films or macroporous foams by solvent casting and lyophilization, respectively.

Early glioma is associated with abnormal electrical events in cortical cultures.

The prodromal stages of some neurological diseases have a distinct electrical profile which can potentially be leveraged for early diagnosis, predicting disease recurrence, monitoring of disease progression, and better understanding of the disease pathology. Gliomas are tumors that originate from glial cells present in the brain and spinal cord. Healthy glial cells support normal neuronal function and play an important role in modulating the regular electrical activity of neurons.

An enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor probe with sensitivity to detect astrocytic versus glioma uptake of glutamate in real time in vitro.

Glutamate, a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, is essential for regulation of thought, movement, memory, and other higher functions controlled by the brain. Dysregulation of glutamate signaling is associated with severe neuropathological conditions, such as epilepsy, and glioma, a form of brain cancer. Glutamate signals are currently detected by several types of neurochemical probes ranging from microdialysis-based to enzyme-based carbon fiber microsensors.

Integration of a Copper-Containing Biohybrid (CuHARS) with Cellulose for Subsequent Degradation and Biomedical Control.

We previously described the novel synthesis of a copper high-aspect ratio structure (CuHARS) biohybrid material using cystine. While extremely stable in water, CuHARS is completely (but slowly) degradable in cellular media. Here, integration of the CuHARS into cellulose matrices was carried out to provide added control for CuHARS degradation.

Modification of the Poly(bisdodecylquaterthiophene) Structure for High and Predominantly Nonionic Conductivity with Matched Dopants.

Four p-type polymers were synthesized by modifying poly(bisdodecylquaterthiophene) (PQT12) to increase oxidizability by p-dopants. A sulfur atom is inserted between the thiophene rings and dodecyl chains, and/or 3,4-ethylenedioxy groups are appended to thiophene rings of PQT12. Doped with NOBF4, PQTS12 (with sulfur in side chains) shows a conductivity of 350 S cm, the highest reported nonionic conductivity among films made from dopant-polymer solutions.

High Conductivity and Electron-Transfer Validation in an n-Type Fluoride-Anion-Doped Polymer for Thermoelectrics in Air.

Air-stable and soluble tetrabutylammonium fluoride (TBAF) is demonstrated as an efficient n-type dopant for the conjugated polymer ClBDPPV. Electron transfer from F anions to the π-electron-deficient ClBDPPV through anion-π electronic interactions is strongly corroborated by the combined results of electron spin resonance, UV-vis-NIR, and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. Doping of ClBDPPV with 25 mol% TBAF boosts electrical conductivity to up to 0.

Lab-on-a-chip mRNA purification and reverse transcription via a solid-phase gene extraction technique.

Extraction and purification of high quality RNA is a crucial initial step required for a variety of genomic assays. We report a solid phase gene extraction (SPGE) method for automated extraction, purification and reverse transcription of mRNA in a microfluidic device. This is performed using a 130 μm diameter stainless steel needle that is amino-linked to dT(15) oligonucleotides for selective hybridization of mRNA.